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• Failed to decode HLS by FFMpeg command. Invalid NAL unit 0

  9 mars 2024, par Fyodor Khruschov

  On front-end I create stream with chrome.tabCapture.capture or navigator.mediaDevices.getDisplayMedia methods. Then send chunks generated by MediaRecorder to server. On the server I have FFMpeg command which decodes chunks into .mp4 file. This is the command :

  


  ffmpeg -y -i - -preset veryfast -tune zerolatency -filter_complex [0:v]split=3[v1][v2][v3];[v1]scale=w=-2:h=1080,fps=30[v1out];[v2]scale=w=-2:h=720,fps=30[v2out];[v3]scale=w=-2:h=480,fps=30[v3out] -map [v1out] -maxrate:0 6M -bufsize:0 12M -keyint_min 100 -g 100 -map [v2out] -maxrate:1 3M -bufsize:1 6M -keyint_min 100 -g 100 -map [v3out] -maxrate:2 1.5M -bufsize:2 3M -keyint_min 100 -g 100 -c:v libx264 -map a:0 -c:a:0 aac -b:a:0 128k -ac 2 -map a:0 -c:a:1 aac -b:a:1 96k -map a:0 -c:a:2 aac -b:a:2 96k -f hls -hls_time 2 -hls_playlist_type vod -hls_flags independent_segments+temp_file -hls_segment_type fmp4 -hls_segment_filename ./output/ready/output_%v_%03d.m4s -var_stream_map v:0,a:0 v:1,a:1 v:2,a:2 -master_pl_name master.m3u8 ./output/ready/stream_%v.m3u8 -map 0:v:0 -map 0:a:0 -c:v copy -c:a aac ./output/download/video.mp4 -map 0:a:0 -ar 16000 -ac 1 -c:a pcm_s16le ./output/captions/audio.wav -loglevel info


  


  During the process of decoding I have these errors in logs :

  


  [extract_extradata @ 0x60000264b250] Invalid NAL unit 0, skipping.
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] Invalid NAL unit 0, skipping.
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] co located POCs unavailable
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] negative number of zero coeffs at 17 0
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] error while decoding MB 17 0
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] concealing 3388 DC, 3388 AC, 3388 MV errors in B frame
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] missing picture in access unit with size 24158
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] Invalid NAL unit 0, skipping.
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] data partitioning is not implemented. Update your FFmpeg version to the newest one from Git. If the problem still occurs, it means that your file has a feature which has not been implemented.
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] If you want to help, upload a sample of this file to https://streams.videolan.org/upload/ and contact the ffmpeg-devel mailing list. (ffmpeg-devel@ffmpeg.org)
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] no frame!
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] Unknown SAR index: 18.
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] Invalid NAL unit 0, skipping.
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] Unknown SAR index: 18.
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] number of reference frames (2+4) exceeds max (5; probably corrupt input), discarding one
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] number of reference frames (3+3) exceeds max (5; probably corrupt input), discarding one
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] number of reference frames (4+2) exceeds max (5; probably corrupt input), discarding one
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] FMO is not implemented. Update your FFmpeg version to the newest one from Git. If the problem still occurs, it means that your file has a feature which has not been implemented.
[h264 @ 0x13ff04e60] sps_id 4 out of range


  


  This issue is very inconsistent and happen in rare cases (I can't understand the logic). Most of the time chunks decoded successfully, but sometimes not.

  


  How to understand where the issue is coming from ? Is it possible for FFMpeg to skip wrong data and generate mp4 file anyway even with glitches, but don't crush ?

  


• Live audio using ffmpeg, javascript and nodejs

  8 novembre 2017, par klaus

  I am new to this thing. Please don’t hang me for the poor grammar. I am trying to create a proof of concept application which I will later extend. It does the following : We have a html page which asks for permission to use the microphone. We capture the microphone input and send it via websocket to a node js app.

  JS (Client) :

  var bufferSize = 4096;
  
  var socket = new WebSocket(URL);
  
  var myPCMProcessingNode = context.createScriptProcessor(bufferSize, 1, 1);
  
  myPCMProcessingNode.onaudioprocess = function(e) {
  
    var input = e.inputBuffer.getChannelData(0);
  
    socket.send(convertFloat32ToInt16(input));
  
  }
  
  
  
  function convertFloat32ToInt16(buffer) {
  
    l = buffer.length;
  
    buf = new Int16Array(l);
  
    while (l--) {
  
      buf[l] = Math.min(1, buffer[l])*0x7FFF;
  
    }
  
    return buf.buffer;
  
  }
  
  
  
  navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({audio:true, video:false})
  
                                  .then(function(stream){
  
                                    var microphone = context.createMediaStreamSource(stream);
  
                                    microphone.connect(myPCMProcessingNode);
  
                                    myPCMProcessingNode.connect(context.destination);
  
                                  })
  
                                  .catch(function(e){});

  In the server we take each incoming buffer, run it through ffmpeg, and send what comes out of the std out to another device using the node js ’http’ POST. The device has a speaker. We are basically trying to create a 1 way audio link from the browser to the device.

  Node JS (Server) :

  var WebSocketServer = require('websocket').server;
  
  var http = require('http');
  
  var children = require('child_process');
  
  
  
  wsServer.on('request', function(request) {
  
    var connection = request.accept(null, request.origin);
  
    connection.on('message', function(message) {
  
      if (message.type === 'utf8') { /*NOP*/ }
  
      else if (message.type === 'binary') {
  
        ffm.stdin.write(message.binaryData);
  
      }
  
    });
  
    connection.on('close', function(reasonCode, description) {});
  
    connection.on('error', function(error) {});
  
  });
  
  
  
  var ffm = children.spawn(
  
      './ffmpeg.exe'
  
     ,'-stdin -f s16le -ar 48k -ac 2 -i pipe:0 -acodec pcm_u8 -ar 48000 -f aiff pipe:1'.split(' ')
  
  );
  
  
  
  ffm.on('exit',function(code,signal){});
  
  
  
  ffm.stdout.on('data', (data) => {
  
    req.write(data);
  
  });
  
  
  
  var options = {
  
    host: 'xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx',
  
    port: xxxx,
  
    path: '/path/to/service/on/device',
  
    method: 'POST',
  
    headers: {
  
     'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream',
  
     'Content-Length': 0,
  
     'Authorization' : 'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx',
  
     'Transfer-Encoding' : 'chunked',
  
     'Connection': 'keep-alive'
  
    }
  
  };
  
  
  
  var req = http.request(options, function(res) {});

  The device supports only continuous POST and only a couple of formats (ulaw, aiff, wav)

  This solution doesn’t seem to work. In the device speaker we only hear something like white noise.

  Also, I think I may have a problem with the buffer I am sending to the ffmpeg std in -> Tried to dump whatever comes out of the websocket to a .wav file then play it with VLC -> it plays everything in the record very fast -> 10 seconds of recording played in about 1 second.

  I am new to audio processing and have searched for about 3 days now for solutions on how to improve this and found nothing.

  I would ask from the community for 2 things :

  1. Is something wrong with my approach ? What more can I do to make this work ? I will post more details if required.

  2. If what I am doing is reinventing the wheel then I would like to know what other software / 3rd party service (like amazon or whatever) can accomplish the same thing.

  Thank you.

• Increasing Website Traffic : 11 Tips To Attract Visitors

  25 août 2023, par Erin — Analytics Tips, Marketing

  For your website and business to succeed, you need to focus on building traffic.

  However, you aren’t the only one with that goal in mind.

  There are millions of other websites trying to increase their traffic as well. With that much competition, it’s important to make sure your website stands out. Accomplishing that can require a great deal of strategy.

  We’ve compiled a list of tips to help you develop a solid plan for increasing website traffic, to expand your reach, grow your audience and boost customer engagement levels — creating more opportunities for your business.Using these tips, more visitors will find their way to your website — meaning more customers for your business.

  Why is website traffic important ?

  Website traffic is essentially the number of people visiting your website. When someone lands on your site, they’re considered a visitor and increase your website traffic. 

  When your website traffic is high, you’ll get more clicks, customer interactions and brand engagement. As a result, search engines will have a positive impression of your website and send more people there, meaning even more people will see your content and have the opportunity to buy your product.

  When using a website for your business or any other venture, tracking your website traffic using a web analytics solution like Matomo is critical.

  

  With over 200 million actively maintained and visited websites in 2023, it’s important to make sure yours stands out if you want to increase your website traffic and grow your online presence. 

  11 tips for increasing website traffic

  Here are 11 tips to increase your organic traffic and elevate your business.

  1. Perfect your SEO

  Optimising your website to show up in search engine results shouldn’t be overlooked, as 63% of consumers start researching a product by using a search engine. Search engine optimisation, or SEO, increases the visibility and discoverability of your website on search engine results pages (SERPs). SEO targets organic searches, which means it doesn’t add to social media traffic, direct traffic or referrals, and it isn’t paid traffic.

  SEO is number one on this list for a reason — most of these tips will directly, or indirectly, improve your SEO efforts. 

  Steps to improve your search engine optimisation can include :

  • Using relevant keywords that are incorporated naturally throughout your content
  • Using a web analytics tool like Matomo, with its search keyword feature, to gain insights and identify opportunities for improvement
  • Using descriptive meta titles and meta descriptions
  • Link to your own content internally with descriptive anchor tags, and make sure unused pages are removed 
  • Keeping your target audience in mind and marketing your content toward them
  • Making sure your website’s structure is optimised to be mobile-friendly, fast and responsive — such as with Matomo’s SEO Web Vitals feature, which monitors key metrics like your website’s page speed and loading performance, pivotal for optimising search engine results

  2. Research the competition

  It’s important to remember that while your business might be unique, it’s likely not the only one in its field. Thousands of other websites from other companies are also looking to improve their website traffic and increase sales, and you have to outcompete them.

  Looking at what your competitors are doing is vital from a strategic perspective. You can see what their content looks like, how they’re framing their specific use cases and what target audience they’re marketing toward.

  Knowing what your competitors are doing can help you find ways to improve your content and make it unique. Are your competitors missing a specific use case or neglecting a particular audience ? Fill in their content gaps on your website, and pick up the traffic they’re missing.

  3. Create high-quality, evergreen content

  If your content is high-quality, visitors will read more of it and stay longer on your site. This obviously increases the likelihood they will purchase your product or service, and it tells search engines that your website is a good answer for a search query.

  High-quality content will also be shared more often, leading to even more website traffic. You should aim to develop content that doesn’t lose relevance over time (aka “evergreen content”). If you include time-sensitive data, statistics or content in your website, blog posts or articles, it’ll be relevant only around that time frame. 

  While this month’s viral content is highly popular, it likely won’t be relevant in a few months. Instead, if you ensure your content is evergreen, it will continue to get engagement long after it’s published.

  4. Implement creative visuals

  It’s important to have engaging, fun and interactive media on your website to keep visitors on your site longer. Like good content, interesting visuals (and the resulting longer visits) can translate to more purchases (and favourable assessments by search engines).

  

  Media can take the form of videos, infographics, images or web graphics. 

  With Matomo’s Media Analytics feature, you can automatically gain even deeper insights into how your visitors engage with your media content, enhancing your understanding of their preferences and behaviours.

  If you have interesting, captivating visuals, visitors will be more likely to stay on your website longer and see what you have to offer. Without captivating visuals to break up walls of text, you’ll likely find visitors will tend to leave your site in favour of something more engaging.

  Just make sure you design your visuals with your target audience in mind. Flashy, fun graphics might not be a good fit for a professional audience, but they’re great for younger audiences. If you get your audience correct, they may also share the images with others. Depending on your business, that might be a useful infographic shared across LinkedIn, or a picture of a clever use case shared on Pinterest. 

  As a bonus, if other companies use your graphics on their websites, that earns you some backlinks — more on those in a bit.

  5. Create a comprehensive knowledge base

  Having a knowledge base is critical to making sure your service or product is well understood and well documented, especially in the tech industry. If a visitor or potential customer is interested in your product or service, they need to know exactly what it will do for them and that they have a good foundation of support in case they need help. A knowledge base is also a good place for internal links (more on those in a bit).

  Visitors can also use your knowledge base as a source of information, and if they cite you as a source, that’ll lead right back to more website traffic for you (see our backlinks section for more about this). If your website is a good source of information, visitors will come back to it again and again.

  6. Use social media often and consistently

  Digital marketing nowadays heavily relies on social media platforms. Having an online presence no longer means just having a website — if you’re not using social media sites, you’re missing out on a huge portion of potential visitors and customers.

  A strong social media presence with profiles on platforms like Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), Instagram or LinkedIn can be invaluable for increasing your website traffic. Visitors to your social media profiles will click on regularly shared content, read your blog posts and possibly become customers.

  Participating in relevant communities and networking with other companies in groups in your industry can also be invaluable. If you participate in online communities and forums for your niche, you can offer insight, answer questions and plug your website. All of this will increase your clicks, which will increase your website traffic.

  If you’ve managed to build your own community on social media, make sure to keep them engaged ! Implementing your own forum, hosting live chats and Q&As, offering helpful and engaging content will make sure visitors keep coming back and spreading the word. 

  7. Use email marketing or newsletters

  Having an email list and sending marketing emails or newsletters is a great way to increase website traffic. You can offer exclusive content, and promise discounts or resources to your subscribers for when they return to your website. This will help keep your loyal audience engaged, entice new customers to subscribe to your newsletter, give you a chance to upsell to people who have already expressed an interest in your product and potentially convert curious subscribers into customers.

  8. Make sure your content can earn backlinks

  A backlink is when a website links to a different website — ideally using relevant anchor text — and it’s an effective strategy for increasing referral traffic, that is, visitors who get to your website via a link on another website. The more backlinks you have, the more your referral traffic will increase. Social share buttons make it easy for people to cite you on social platforms, too. 

  We’ve already talked about making expert content that’s link-worthy, but also make sure that you’re creating linkable assets (like those interesting visuals mentioned earlier), building relationships with other sites that will link to you (like by inviting an expert or influencer to write on your page and promote it from their platform, or by writing your own guest content for their sites) and sharing your own content. All of this can help increase your referral traffic, particularly when you’re linked from websites with a higher domain authority than you have.

  You can also make sure your website is listed in online directories. Some sites will do interviews and roundups, as well — these are great opportunities to increase your backlinks.

  9. Optimise your CTR

  Click-through rate, or CTR, is the percentage of users who click on specific links to your website. A high CTR means your visitors are following a link — whether in an advertisement, a search result or a social media post — and a low CTR means they’re passing it by. Optimising your CTR can greatly improve your website traffic.

  To improve CTR, identify successful elements such as copy, imagery, and offers in your ads, enabling you to amplify effective elements and minimise less impactful ones.

  10. Ensure your website is responsive and mobile-friendly

  If a visitor is frustrated by your site being slow, laggy, clunky or not mobile-friendly, they won’t stay long. That doesn’t look good to search engines if that’s how your visitors got there. Your website needs to be clean, responsive, user-friendly and accessible.

  If your website is slow, try increasing your website’s performance by :

  • Optimising images : Reduce the size of images and compress them for faster load times. Opt for JPEG format for photos and PNG format for graphics. 
  • Limit the use of plugins : If you are using a CMS like WordPress, consider removing plugins that are unnecessary or not essential.
  • Embrace lazy loading : To further enhance site speed and reduce initial load times, set up your site to load images and content only as visitors scroll down. Prioritising the content and images at the top of the page makes the site feel faster. Some CMS platforms will offer this option, but others may require a bit of coding to set this up. 

  Many people rely on their phones to research services or products, especially if they’re doing a quick search. Make sure your website is friendly to mobile users. It should scale vertically and scroll smoothly so users aren’t frustrated when using your site. They should be able to find the info they need immediately without any technical issues.

  11. Track your website’s metrics

  As you test out each of these strategies to increase your web traffic, don’t forget to closely analyse the performance of your site. To truly understand the impact of your efforts, you’ll need a reliable web analytics solution. Think of a dependable web analytics solution as your website’s GPS. Without it, you’d be lost, unsure of your direction and missing out on valuable insights to steer your growth.

  Matomo is a powerful web analytics tool that can help you do just that by providing information on your site visitors and campaign performance, complemented by an array of behavioural analytics features that delve into user interactions. Among these, our heatmap feature stands out, enabling greater insights into user interactions and optimisation of your site’s effectiveness.

  

  Google Analytics is another powerful analytics option, though it has challenges with data accuracy ; there are multiple other web analytics solutions as well.

  Regardless of what web analytics solution you choose, the process of analysing your website metrics is incredibly important for identifying areas of improvement to increase website traffic.

  Increasing your web traffic is a process

  Increasing website traffic isn’t something you accomplish overnight. It’s a comprehensive, ongoing endeavour that requires constant analysis and fine-tuning. 

  By applying these tips to create consistent, high-quality content that gets spotlighted on search engines, shared on social media and returned to again and again, you’ll see a steady stream of increased traffic. 

  With Matomo, you can understand your visitor behaviour to see what works and what doesn’t as you work to increase your website traffic. Get your free 21-day trial now. No credit card required.