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• extracting video and data streams from MPEG2 TS over RTP in real-time

  10 janvier 2024, par Tejal Barnwal

  I have H264 video stream and KLV meta data encapsulated inside MPEG2 TS container which are sent over an RTP over UDP from a camera.
I intend to do the following :

  


  

  1. Extract both video and data streams from RTP

  


  2. Process video feed using opencv in a seperate thread

  


  3. process klv metadata in a seperate thread

  


  


  My problem what exact arguments should I provide to ffmpeg so as to read h264 video stream and show the images frame by frame using opencv ?

  


  With the help of some previous posts like Simultaneously map video and data streams to one subprocess pipeline in real-time, I was able to get some idea about how could I proceed to procees the stream over RTP.

  


  I started out by using the following script :

  


  #!/usr/bin/env python3
from asyncio import streams
from logging.handlers import QueueListener
import klvdata
import subprocess as sp
import shlex
import threading
import numpy as np
import cv2
import time
from io import BytesIO

# Video reader thread.
def video_reader(pipe):
    cols, rows = 1280, 720  # Assume we know frame size is 1280x720

    counter = 0
    while True:
        print("read image")
        raw_image = pipe.read(cols*rows*3)  # Read raw video frame

        # Break the loop when length is too small
        if len(raw_image) < cols*rows*3:
            break

        if (counter % 10) == 0:
            # Show video frame evey 60 frames
            image = np.frombuffer(raw_image, np.uint8).reshape([rows, cols, 3])
            cv2.imshow('Video', image) # Show video image for testing
            cv2.waitKey(1)
        counter += 1
        print("image showed on window")
        time.sleep(0.25)



# https://github.com/paretech/klvdata/tree/master/klvdata
def bytes_to_int(value, signed=False):
    """Return integer given bytes."""
    return int.from_bytes(bytes(value), byteorder='big', signed=signed)


# Data reader thread (read KLV data).
def data_reader(pipe):
    key_length = 16  # Assume key length is 16 bytes.

    f = open('data.bin', 'wb')  # For testing - store the KLV data to data.bin (binary file)

    while True:
        # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLV
        # The first few bytes are the Key, much like a key in a standard hash table data structure.
        # Keys can be 1, 2, 4, or 16 bytes in length.
        # Presumably in a separate specification document you would agree on a key length for a given application.
        key = pipe.read(key_length)  # Read the key
        
        if len(key) < key_length:
            break  # Break the loop when length is too small
        f.write(key)  # Write data to binary file for testing

        # https://github.com/paretech/klvdata/tree/master/klvdata
        # Length field
        len_byte = pipe.read(1)

        if len(len_byte) < 1:
            break  # Break the loop when length is too small
        f.write(len_byte)  # Write data to binary file for testing

        byte_length = bytes_to_int(len_byte)

        # https://github.com/paretech/klvdata/tree/master/klvdata                                                
        if byte_length < 128:
            # BER Short Form
            length = byte_length
            ber_len_bytes = b''
        else:
            # BER Long Form
            ber_len = byte_length - 128
            ber_len_bytes = pipe.read(ber_len)

            if len(ber_len_bytes) < ber_len:
                break  # Break the loop when length is too small
            f.write(ber_len_bytes)  # Write ber_len_bytes to binary file for testing

            length = bytes_to_int(ber_len_bytes)

        # Read the value (length bytes)
        value = pipe.read(length)
        if len(value) < length:
            break  # Break the loop when length is too small
        f.write(value)  # Write data to binary file for testing

        klv_data = key + len_byte + ber_len_bytes + value  # Concatenate key length and data
        klv_data_as_bytes_io = BytesIO(klv_data)  # Wrap klv_data with BytesIO (before parsing)

        # Parse the KLV data
        for packet in klvdata.StreamParser(klv_data_as_bytes_io): 
            metadata = packet.MetadataList()
            for key, value in metadata.items():
                print(key, value)
                
            print("\n") # New line

# Execute FFmpeg as sub-process
# Map the video to stderr and map the data to stdout
process = sp.Popen(shlex.split('ffmpeg -hide_banner -loglevel quiet '                        # Set loglevel to quiet for disabling the prints ot stderr
                               '-i "rtp://192.168.0.141:11024" '                                        # Input video "Day Flight.mpg"
                               '-map 0:v -c:v rawvideo -pix_fmt bgr24 -f:v rawvideo pipe:2 ' # rawvideo format is mapped to stderr pipe (raw video codec with bgr24 pixel format)
                               '-map 0:d -c copy -copy_unknown -f:d data pipe:1 '            # Copy the data without ddecoding.
                               '-report'),                                                   # Create a log file (because we can't the statuses that are usually printed to stderr).
                                stdout=sp.PIPE, stderr=sp.PIPE)


# Start video reader thread (pass stderr pipe as argument).
video_thread = threading.Thread(target=video_reader, args=(process.stderr,))
video_thread.start()

# Start data reader thread (pass stdout pipe as argument).
data_thread = threading.Thread(target=data_reader, args=(process.stdout,))
data_thread.start()


# Wait for threads (and process) to finish.
video_thread.join()
data_thread.join()
process.wait()



  


  With the above script, I was facing two issues :

  


  

  1. The second thread resulted in an attribute error

  


  


  Exception in thread Thread-2:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3.8/threading.py", line 932, in _bootstrap_inner
    self.run()
  File "/usr/lib/python3.8/threading.py", line 870, in run
    self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs)
  File "video_data_extraction.py", line 97, in data_reader
    print(packet.MetadataList())
AttributeError: 'UnknownElement' object has no attribute 'MetadataList'



  


  

  2. With this though I continuously able to see following output on the terminal regarding reading the images

  


  


  read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window


  


  The imshow windows wasnt updating properly ! It seemed stuck after a few frames.

  


  Further diving into the lane with the help of following command, I concluded that the video stream that I am reading has H264 encoding

  


  ffprobe -i rtp://192.168.0.141:11024 -show_streams -show_formats


  


  Output of the above command :

  


  ffprobe version 4.2.7-0ubuntu0.1 Copyright (c) 2007-2022 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 9 (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1)
  configuration: --prefix=/usr --extra-version=0ubuntu0.1 --toolchain=hardened --libdir=/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu --incdir=/usr/include/aarch64-linux-gnu --arch=arm64 --enable-gpl --disable-stripping --enable-avresample --disable-filter=resample --enable-avisynth --enable-gnutls --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libbs2b --enable-libcaca --enable-libcdio --enable-libcodec2 --enable-libflite --enable-libfontconfig --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgme --enable-libgsm --enable-libjack --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libmysofa --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-librsvg --enable-librubberband --enable-libshine --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwavpack --enable-libwebp --enable-libx265 --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzmq --enable-libzvbi --enable-lv2 --enable-omx --enable-openal --enable-opencl --enable-opengl --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdc1394 --enable-libdrm --enable-libiec61883 --enable-chromaprint --enable-frei0r --enable-libx264 --enable-shared
  libavutil      56. 31.100 / 56. 31.100
  libavcodec     58. 54.100 / 58. 54.100
  libavformat    58. 29.100 / 58. 29.100
  libavdevice    58.  8.100 / 58.  8.100
  libavfilter     7. 57.100 /  7. 57.100
  libavresample   4.  0.  0 /  4.  0.  0
  libswscale      5.  5.100 /  5.  5.100
  libswresample   3.  5.100 /  3.  5.100
  libpostproc    55.  5.100 / 55.  5.100
[rtp @ 0xaaaac81ecce0] PES packet size mismatch
    Last message repeated 62 times
[NULL @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[rtp @ 0xaaaac81ecce0] PES packet size mismatch
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[rtp @ 0xaaaac81ecce0] PES packet size mismatch
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
    Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[rtp @ 0xaaaac81ecce0] PES packet size mismatch
    Last message repeated 187 times
Input #0, rtp, from 'rtp://192.168.0.141:11024':
  Duration: N/A, start: 1317.040656, bitrate: N/A
  Program 1 
    Stream #0:1: Video: h264 (Constrained Baseline) ([27][0][0][0] / 0x001B), yuv420p(progressive), 1280x720, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 90k tbn
    Stream #0:0: Data: klv (KLVA / 0x41564C4B)
Unsupported codec with id 100356 for input stream 0
[STREAM]
index=0
codec_name=klv
codec_long_name=SMPTE 336M Key-Length-Value (KLV) metadata
profile=unknown
codec_type=data
codec_tag_string=KLVA
codec_tag=0x41564c4b
id=N/A
r_frame_rate=0/0
avg_frame_rate=0/0
time_base=1/90000
start_pts=118533659
start_time=1317.040656
duration_ts=N/A
duration=N/A
bit_rate=N/A
max_bit_rate=N/A
bits_per_raw_sample=N/A
nb_frames=N/A
nb_read_frames=N/A
nb_read_packets=N/A
DISPOSITION:default=0
DISPOSITION:dub=0
DISPOSITION:original=0
DISPOSITION:comment=0
DISPOSITION:lyrics=0
DISPOSITION:karaoke=0
DISPOSITION:forced=0
DISPOSITION:hearing_impaired=0
DISPOSITION:visual_impaired=0
DISPOSITION:clean_effects=0
DISPOSITION:attached_pic=0
DISPOSITION:timed_thumbnails=0
[/STREAM]
[STREAM]
index=1
codec_name=h264
codec_long_name=H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10
profile=Constrained Baseline
codec_type=video
codec_time_base=1/50
codec_tag_string=[27][0][0][0]
codec_tag=0x001b
width=1280
height=720
coded_width=1280
coded_height=720
has_b_frames=0
sample_aspect_ratio=N/A
display_aspect_ratio=N/A
pix_fmt=yuv420p
level=31
color_range=unknown
color_space=unknown
color_transfer=unknown
color_primaries=unknown
chroma_location=left
field_order=progressive
timecode=N/A
refs=1
is_avc=false
nal_length_size=0
id=N/A
r_frame_rate=25/1
avg_frame_rate=25/1
time_base=1/90000
start_pts=118533659
start_time=1317.040656
duration_ts=N/A
duration=N/A
bit_rate=N/A
max_bit_rate=N/A
bits_per_raw_sample=8
nb_frames=N/A
nb_read_frames=N/A
nb_read_packets=N/A
DISPOSITION:default=0
DISPOSITION:dub=0
DISPOSITION:original=0
DISPOSITION:comment=0
DISPOSITION:lyrics=0
DISPOSITION:karaoke=0
DISPOSITION:forced=0
DISPOSITION:hearing_impaired=0
DISPOSITION:visual_impaired=0
DISPOSITION:clean_effects=0
DISPOSITION:attached_pic=0
DISPOSITION:timed_thumbnails=0
[/STREAM]
[FORMAT]
filename=rtp://192.168.0.141:11024
nb_streams=2
nb_programs=1
format_name=rtp
format_long_name=RTP input
start_time=1317.040656
duration=N/A
size=N/A
bit_rate=N/A
probe_score=100
[/FORMAT]


  


  Further, in the log output, I see a lot of statements in regard to missed packets and PES packet mismatch

  


  [rtp @ 0xaaaaf31896c0] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtp @ 0xaaaaf31896c0] RTP: missed 98 packets
[rtp @ 0xaaaaf31896c0] Continuity check failed for pid 40 expected 14 got 10
[rtp @ 0xaaaaf31896c0] PES packet size mismatch
rtp://192.168.0.141:11024: corrupt input packet in stream 0
frame=  124 fps=2.6 q=-0.0 size=  334800kB time=00:00:05.32 bitrate=515406.0kbits/s dup=97 drop=0 speed=0.111x 


  


  What arguments do I provide to ffmpeg and in what order because my stream 0 is metadata and stream 1 is video so as to display image frame by frame with opencv ?
I would be grateful for any help that you could provide.

  


  Further, I also have a query regarding how does ffmpeg know to that it has to first convert the rtp packets into mpeg2 TS packets before segregating video stream and data stream ?

  


• ffmpeg streaming UDP port is closed [closed]

  26 décembre 2023, par BrilliantContract

  I'm trying to use ffmpeg in order to transcode RTSP stream from CCTV to HLS stream so it could be accessed through a web server.

  


  ffmpeg used to stream video from CCTV with following command

  


  $ ffmpeg -i "rtsp://cam-1.loc:554?user=admin&password=admin&channel=1&stream=0" -hls_time 3 -hls_wrap 10 -f mpegts udp://localhost:6601
ffmpeg version 4.2.8 Copyright (c) 2000-2022 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 8 (GCC)
  configuration: --prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --datadir=/usr/share/ffmpeg --docdir=/usr/share/doc/ffmpeg --incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg --libdir=/usr/lib64 --mandir=/usr/share/man --arch=x86_64 --optflags='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Werror=format-security -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -Wp,-D_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong -grecord-gcc-switches -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-cc1 -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-annobin-cc1 -m64 -mtune=generic -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection' --extra-ldflags='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld ' --extra-cflags=' ' --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-version3 --enable-bzlib --disable-crystalhd --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gcrypt --enable-gnutls --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libdav1d --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libcdio --enable-libdrm --enable-libjack --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgsm --enable-libmp3lame --enable-nvenc --enable-openal --enable-opencl --enable-opengl --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-librsvg --enable-libsrt --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libvorbis --enable-libv4l2 --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-version3 --enable-vapoursynth --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzimg --enable-libzvbi --enable-avfilter --enable-avresample --enable-libmodplug --enable-postproc --enable-pthreads --disable-static --enable-shared --enable-gpl --disable-debug --disable-stripping --shlibdir=/usr/lib64 --enable-libmfx --enable-runtime-cpudetect
  libavutil      56. 31.100 / 56. 31.100
  libavcodec     58. 54.100 / 58. 54.100
  libavformat    58. 29.100 / 58. 29.100
  libavdevice    58.  8.100 / 58.  8.100
  libavfilter     7. 57.100 /  7. 57.100
  libavresample   4.  0.  0 /  4.  0.  0
  libswscale      5.  5.100 /  5.  5.100
  libswresample   3.  5.100 /  3.  5.100
  libpostproc    55.  5.100 / 55.  5.100
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] getaddrinfo(cam-1.loc): Name or service not known
Guessed Channel Layout for Input Stream #0.1 : mono
Input #0, rtsp, from 'rtsp://cam-1.loc:554?user=admin&password=admin&channel=1&stream=0':
  Metadata:
    title           : RTSP Session
  Duration: N/A, start: 0.000000, bitrate: N/A
    Stream #0:0: Video: h264 (Main), yuv420p(progressive), 1920x1080, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 90k tbn, 50 tbc
    Stream #0:1: Audio: pcm_alaw, 8000 Hz, mono, s16, 64 kb/s
Stream mapping:
  Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (h264 (native) -> mpeg2video (native))
  Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (pcm_alaw (native) -> mp2 (native))
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
Output #0, mpegts, to 'udp://localhost:6601':
  Metadata:
    title           : RTSP Session
    encoder         : Lavf58.29.100
    Stream #0:0: Video: mpeg2video (Main), yuv420p, 1920x1080, q=2-31, 200 kb/s, 25 fps, 90k tbn, 25 tbc
    Metadata:
      encoder         : Lavc58.54.100 mpeg2video
    Side data:
      cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/200000 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: -1
    Stream #0:1: Audio: mp2, 16000 Hz, mono, s16, 160 kb/s
    Metadata:
      encoder         : Lavc58.54.100 mp2
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packette=5338.9kbits/s dup=0 drop=5 speed=1.12x    
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 3 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 6 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 6 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 5 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 4 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 5 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 6 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 5 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 6 packets
[h264 @ 0x5576c7993c80] concealing 972 DC, 972 AC, 972 MV errors in I frame
rtsp://cam-1.loc:554?user=admin&password=admin&channel=1&stream=0: corrupt decoded frame in stream 0=1.11x    
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packette=5298.4kbits/s dup=0 drop=5 speed=1.02x    
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 2 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 5 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 4 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 3 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 4 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 5 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 5 packets
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtsp @ 0x5576c7340600] RTP: missed 2 packets
[h264 @ 0x5576c779b9c0] cabac decode of qscale diff failed at 66 60
[h264 @ 0x5576c779b9c0] error while decoding MB 66 60, bytestream 9825
[h264 @ 0x5576c779b9c0] concealing 943 DC, 943 AC, 943 MV errors in I frame
rtsp://cam-1.loc:554?user=admin&password=admin&channel=1&stream=0: corrupt decoded frame in stream 0=1.02x    
frame= 1315 fps= 25 q=31.0 Lsize=   34249kB time=00:00:53.32 bitrate=5261.8kbits/s dup=0 drop=5 speed=1.02x    
video:30544kB audio:1042kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 8.431973%


  


  nmap used to check if 6601 port is open

  


  $ nmap -Pn localhost -p 6601
Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-12-26 10:47 UTC
Nmap scan report for localhost (127.0.0.1)
Host is up (0.0011s latency).
Other addresses for localhost (not scanned): ::1

PORT     STATE  SERVICE
6601/tcp closed mstmg-sstp

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.06 seconds


  


  However, ffplayer able to play video stream

  


  ffplay udp://localhost:6601
ffplay version 4.2.8 Copyright (c) 2003-2022 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 8 (GCC)
  configuration: --prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --datadir=/usr/share/ffmpeg --docdir=/usr/share/doc/ffmpeg --incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg --libdir=/usr/lib64 --mandir=/usr/share/man --arch=x86_64 --optflags='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Werror=format-security -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -Wp,-D_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong -grecord-gcc-switches -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-cc1 -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-annobin-cc1 -m64 -mtune=generic -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection' --extra-ldflags='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld ' --extra-cflags=' ' --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-version3 --enable-bzlib --disable-crystalhd --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gcrypt --enable-gnutls --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libdav1d --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libcdio --enable-libdrm --enable-libjack --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgsm --enable-libmp3lame --enable-nvenc --enable-openal --enable-opencl --enable-opengl --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-librsvg --enable-libsrt --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libvorbis --enable-libv4l2 --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-version3 --enable-vapoursynth --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzimg --enable-libzvbi --enable-avfilter --enable-avresample --enable-libmodplug --enable-postproc --enable-pthreads --disable-static --enable-shared --enable-gpl --disable-debug --disable-stripping --shlibdir=/usr/lib64 --enable-libmfx --enable-runtime-cpudetect
  libavutil      56. 31.100 / 56. 31.100
  libavcodec     58. 54.100 / 58. 54.100
  libavformat    58. 29.100 / 58. 29.100
  libavdevice    58.  8.100 / 58.  8.100
  libavfilter     7. 57.100 /  7. 57.100
  libavresample   4.  0.  0 /  4.  0.  0
  libswscale      5.  5.100 /  5.  5.100
  libswresample   3.  5.100 /  3.  5.100
  libpostproc    55.  5.100 / 55.  5.100
[mpeg2video @ 0x7f1ad854afc0] Invalid frame dimensions 0x0. f=0/0   
    Last message repeated 7 times
Input #0, mpegts, from 'udp://localhost:6601':0KB sq=    0B f=0/0   
  Duration: N/A, start: 59.288000, bitrate: N/A
  Program 1 
    Metadata:
      service_name    : RTSP Session
      service_provider: FFmpeg
    Stream #0:0[0x100]: Video: mpeg2video (Main) ([2][0][0][0] / 0x0002), yuv420p(tv, progressive), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 25 fps, 25 tbr, 90k tbn, 50 tbc
    Stream #0:1[0x101]: Audio: mp2 ([4][0][0][0] / 0x0004), 16000 Hz, mono, s16p, 160 kb/s


  


  VLC cannot play the video stream :

  


  vlc udp://localhost:6601
VLC media player 3.0.18 Vetinari (revision )
[000055769aa81ba0] main libvlc: Running vlc with the default interface. Use 'cvlc' to use vlc without interface.
Warning: Ignoring XDG_SESSION_TYPE=wayland on Gnome. Use QT_QPA_PLATFORM=wayland to run on Wayland anyway.
[00007fec64011e90] mjpeg demux error: cannot peek


  


  ffprobe output

  


  ffprobe udp://localhost:6601
ffprobe version 4.2.8 Copyright (c) 2007-2022 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 8 (GCC)
  configuration: --prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --datadir=/usr/share/ffmpeg --docdir=/usr/share/doc/ffmpeg --incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg --libdir=/usr/lib64 --mandir=/usr/share/man --arch=x86_64 --optflags='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Werror=format-security -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -Wp,-D_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong -grecord-gcc-switches -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-cc1 -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-annobin-cc1 -m64 -mtune=generic -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection' --extra-ldflags='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld ' --extra-cflags=' ' --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-version3 --enable-bzlib --disable-crystalhd --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gcrypt --enable-gnutls --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libdav1d --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libcdio --enable-libdrm --enable-libjack --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgsm --enable-libmp3lame --enable-nvenc --enable-openal --enable-opencl --enable-opengl --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-librsvg --enable-libsrt --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libvorbis --enable-libv4l2 --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-version3 --enable-vapoursynth --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzimg --enable-libzvbi --enable-avfilter --enable-avresample --enable-libmodplug --enable-postproc --enable-pthreads --disable-static --enable-shared --enable-gpl --disable-debug --disable-stripping --shlibdir=/usr/lib64 --enable-libmfx --enable-runtime-cpudetect
  libavutil      56. 31.100 / 56. 31.100
  libavcodec     58. 54.100 / 58. 54.100
  libavformat    58. 29.100 / 58. 29.100
  libavdevice    58.  8.100 / 58.  8.100
  libavfilter     7. 57.100 /  7. 57.100
  libavresample   4.  0.  0 /  4.  0.  0
  libswscale      5.  5.100 /  5.  5.100
  libswresample   3.  5.100 /  3.  5.100
  libpostproc    55.  5.100 / 55.  5.100
[mpeg2video @ 0x55e1be0910c0] Invalid frame dimensions 0x0.
    Last message repeated 9 times
Input #0, mpegts, from 'udp://localhost:6601':
  Duration: N/A, start: 262.760000, bitrate: N/A
  Program 1 
    Metadata:
      service_name    : RTSP Session
      service_provider: FFmpeg
    Stream #0:0[0x100]: Video: mpeg2video (Main) ([2][0][0][0] / 0x0002), yuv420p(tv, progressive), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 25 fps, 25 tbr, 90k tbn, 50 tbc
    Stream #0:1[0x101]: Audio: mp2 ([4][0][0][0] / 0x0004), 16000 Hz, mono, s16p, 160 kb/s


  


  Why the video stream is not playing in VLC ?

  


  Why nmap do not see that UPD port is open ?

  


• Conversion Rate Optimisation Statistics for 2024 and Beyond

  21 novembre 2023, par Erin — Analytics Tips

  Driving traffic to your website is only half the battle. The real challenge — once you’ve used a web analytics solution to understand how users behave — is turning more of those visitors into customers.

  That doesn’t happen by accident. You need to employ conversion rate optimisation strategies and tools to see even a small lift in conversion rates. The good news is that it doesn’t take much to see massive results. Raising your conversion rate from 1% to 3% can triple your revenue. 

  In even better news, you don’t have to guess at the best ways to improve your conversion rate. We’ve done the hard work and collected the most recent and relevant conversion rate optimisation statistics to help you. 

  General conversion rate optimisation statistics

  It appears the popularity of conversion rate optimisation is soaring. According to data collected by Google Trends, there were more people searching for the term “conversion rate optimization” in September 2023 than ever before. 

  As you can see from the chart below, the term’s popularity is on a clear upward trajectory, meaning even more people could be searching for it in the near future. (Source)

  

  Do you want to know what the average landing page conversion rate is ? According to research by WordStream, the average website conversion rate across all industries is 2.35%. 

  That doesn’t paint the whole picture, however. Better-performing websites have significantly higher conversion rates. The top 25% of websites across all industries convert at a rate of 5.31% or higher. (Source)

  Let’s break things down by industry now. The Unbounce Conversion Benchmark Report offers a detailed analysis of how landing pages convert across various industries.

  First, we have the Finance and Insurance industry, which boasts a conversion rate of 15.6%. 

  On the other end, agencies appears to be one of the worst-performing. Agencies’ landing pages convert at a rate of 8.8%. (Source)

  

  What about the size of the conversion rate optimisation industry ? Given the growth in popularity of the term in Google, surely the industry is experiencing growth, right ?

  You’d be correct in that assumption. The conversion rate optimisation software market was valued at $771.2 million in 2018 and is projected to reach $1.932 billion by 2026 — a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.6%.

  Statistics on the importance of conversion rate optimisation

  If you’re reading this article, you probably think conversion rate optimisation is pretty important. But do you know its importance and where it ranks in your competitors’ priorities ? Read on to find out. 

  Bounce rate — the number of people who leave your website without visiting another page or taking action — is the scourge of conversion rate optimisation efforts. Every time someone bounces from your site, you lose the chance to convert them.

  The questions, then, are : how often do people bounce on average and how does your bounce rate compare ? 

  Siege Media analysed over 1.3 billion sessions from a range of traffic sources, including 700 million bounces, to calculate an average bounce rate of 50.9%. (Source)

  

  Bounce rates vary massively from website to website and industry to industry, however. Siege Media’s study unveils an array of average bounce rates across industries :

  • Travel – 82.58%
  • B2B – 65.17%
  • Lifestyle – 64.26%
  • Business and Finance – 63.51%
  • Healthcare – 59.50%
  • eCommerce – 54.54%
  • Insurance – 45.96%
  • Real Estate – 40.78%

  It won’t come as much of a surprise to learn that marketers are determined to reduce bounce rates and improve lead conversion. Today’s marketers are highly performance-based. When asked about their priorities for the coming year, 79% of marketers said their priority was generating quality qualified leads — the most popular answer in the survey. (Source)

  Just because it is a priority for marketers doesn’t mean that everyone has their stuff together. If you have a conversion rate optimisation process in place, you’re in the minority. According to research by HubSpot, less than one in five marketers (17%) use landing page A/B tests to improve their conversion rates. (Source)

  When it comes to personalisation strategies – a common and effective tool to increase conversion rates — the picture isn’t any rosier. Research by Salesforce found just over one-quarter of markets are confident their organisation has a successful strategy for personalisation. (Source)

  Conversion rate optimisation tactics statistics

  There are hundreds of ways to improve your website’s conversion rates. From changing the color of buttons to the structure of your landing page to your entire conversion funnel, in this section, we’ll look at the most important statistics you need to know when choosing tactics and building your own CRO experiments. 

  If you are looking for the best method to convert visitors, then email lead generation forms are the way to go, according to HubSpot. This inoffensive and low-barrier data collection method boasts a 15% conversion rate, according to the marketing automation company’s research. (Source)

  Where possible, make your call-to-actions personalised. Marketing personalisation, whether through behavioral segmentation or another strategy, is an incredibly powerful way of showing users that you care about their specific needs. It’s no great surprise, then, that HubSpot found personalised calls-to-actions perform a whopping 202% better than basic CTAs. (Source)

  If you want to boost conversion rates, then it’s just as important to focus on quantity as well as quality. Yes, a great-looking, well-written landing page will go a long way to improving your conversion rate, but having a dozen of these pages will do even more. 

  Research by HubSpot found companies see a 55% increase in leads when they increase the number of landing pages from 10 to 15. What’s more, companies with over 40 landing pages increase conversion by more than 500%. (Source)

  

  User-generated content (UGC) should also be high on your priority list to boost conversion rates. Several statistics show how powerful, impactful and persuasive social proof like user reviews can be. 

  Research shows that visitors who scroll to the point where they encounter user-generated content increase the likelihood they convert by a staggering 102.4%. (Source)

  Other trust signs can be just as impactful. Research by Trustpilot found that the following four trust signals make consumers more likely to make a purchase when shown on a product page :

  • Positive star rating and reviews (85% more likely to make a purchase)
  • Positive star rating (78%)
  • Positive customer testimonials (82%)
  • Approved or authorised seller badge (76%)

  (Source)

  Showing ratings and reviews has also increased conversion rates by 38% on home appliances and electronics stores. (Source)

  And no wonder, given that consumers are more likely to buy from brands they trust than brands they love, according to the 2021 Edelman Trust Barometer Special Report. (Source) 

  A lack of trust is also one of the top four reasons consumers abandon their shopping cart at checkout. (Source) 

  Traffic source conversion rate statistics

  What type of traffic works the best when it comes to conversions, or how often you should be signing up users to your mailing list ? Let’s look at the stats to find out. 

  Email opt-ins are one of the most popular methods for collecting customer information — and an area where digital marketers spend a lot of time and effort when it comes to conversion rate optimisation. So, what is the average conversion rate of an email opt-in box ?

  According to research by Sumo — based on 3.2 billion users who have seen their opt-in boxes — the average email opt-in rate is 1.95%. (Source)

  Search advertising is an effective way of driving website traffic, but how often do those users click on these ads ?

  WordStream’s research puts the average conversion of search advertising for all industries at 6.11%. (Source)

  The arts and entertainment industry enjoys the highest clickthrough rates (11.78%), followed by sports and recreation (10.53%) and travel (10.03%). Legal services and the home improvement industry have the lowest clickthrough rates at 4.76% and 4.8%, respectively.

  

  If you’re spending money on Google ads, then you’d better hope a significant amount of users convert after clicking them. 

  Unfortunately, conversion rates from Google ads decreased year-on-year for most industries in 2023, according to research by WordStream — in some cases, those decreases were significant. The only two industries that didn’t see a decrease in conversion rates were beauty and personal care and education and instruction. (Source)

  The average conversion rate for search ads across all industries is 7.04%. The animal and pet niche has the highest conversion rate (13.41%), while apparel, fashion and jewelry have the lowest conversion rate (1.57%). (Source)

  What about other forms of traffic ? Well, there’s good reason to try running interstitial ads on smartphone apps if you aren’t already. Ads on the iOS app see a 14.3 percent conversion rate on average. (Source)

  E-commerce conversion rate optimisation statistics (400 words)

  Conversion rate optimisation can be the difference between a store that sets new annual sales records and one struggling to get by. 

  The good news is that the conversion rate among US shoppers was the highest it’s ever been in 2021, with users converting at 2.6%. (Source)

  If you have a Shopify store, then you may find conversion rates a little lower. A survey by Littledata found the average conversion rate for Shopify was 1.4% in September 2022. (Source)

  What about specific e-commerce categories ? According to data provided by Dynamic Yield, the consumer goods category converted at the highest rate in September 2023 (4.22%), a spike of 0.34% from August. 

  Generally, the food and beverage niche boasts the highest conversion rate (4.87%), and the home and furniture niche has the lowest conversion rate (1.44%). (Source)

  If you’re serious about driving sales, don’t focus on mobile devices at the expense of consumers who shop on desktop devices. The conversion rate among US shoppers tends to be higher for desktop users than for mobile users. 

  

  In the second quarter of 2022, for instance, desktop shoppers converted at a rate of 3% on average compared to smartphone users who converted at an average rate of 2%. (Source)

  Increase your conversions with Matomo

  Conversion rate optimisation can help you grow your subscriber list, build your customer base and increase your revenue. Now, it’s time to put what you’ve learned into practice.

  Use the advice above to guide your experiments and track everything with Matomo. Achieve unparalleled data accuracy while harnessing an all-in-one solution packed with essential conversion optimisation features, including Heatmaps, Session Recordings and A/B Testing. Matomo makes it easier than ever to analyse conversion-focused experiments.

  Get more from your conversion rate optimisations by trying Matomo free for 21 days. No credit card required.