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• Cryptic `ffmpeg` + Python error : `Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_crop_1`

  5 août 2022, par mattze_frisch

  I want to use ffmpeg with Python in a Jupyter notebook to create a video from 2000 PNG image files generated by matplotlib. I'm on a Windows 7 machine.

  


  The frames are very narrow and high, so I'd like to cut them vertically into seven equal-sized "tiles" using crop and stacked those "tiles" horizontally using hstack, but I'm getting only getting cryptic error messages :

  


  ffmpeg_path = notebook_directory    # Make sure ffmpeg.exe is in notebook directory!&#xA;&#xA;frames_path = &#x27;C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop&#x27;&#xA;frames_renamed_path = os.path.join(frames_path, &#x27;renamed&#x27;)&#xA;os.chdir(frames_renamed_path)    # Temporarily change current working directory&#xA;&#xA;check_call(&#xA;    [&#xA;        os.path.join(ffmpeg_path, &#x27;ffmpeg&#x27;),&#xA;        &#x27;-y&#x27;,    # Overwrite output files without asking&#xA;        &#x27;-report&#x27;,    # Write logfile to current working directory&#xA;        &#x27;-hwaccel&#x27;, &#x27;cuda&#x27;,    # Use GPU acceleration&#xA;        &#x27;-framerate&#x27;, &#x27;60&#x27;,    # Input frame rate&#xA;        &#x27;-i&#x27;, os.path.join(frames_renamed_path, &#x27;frame%05d.png&#x27;),    # Path to input frames&#xA;        #&#x27;-r&#x27;, &#x27;60&#x27;,    # Output frame rate&#xA;        #&#x27;-vf&#x27;, &#x27;pad=ceil(iw/2)*2:ceil(ih/2)*2&#x27;,    # Pad frames to even pixel numbers (required by many codecs)&#xA;        #&#x27;-pix_fmt&#x27;, &#x27;yuv420p&#x27;,&#xA;        &#x27;-pix_fmt&#x27;, &#x27;rgb32&#x27;,    # Use RGB32 pixel format matching MatPlotLib image output&#xA;        &#x27;-filter_complex&#x27;,    # Cut frames into tiles and rearrange (here: 7 horizontal tiles)&#xA;            &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:0[tile_1],&#x27;    # 1st tile from top&#xA;            &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*1/7[tile_2],&#x27;    # 2nd tile from top&#xA;            &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*2/7[tile_3],&#x27;    # 3rd tile from top&#xA;            &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*3/7[tile_4],&#x27;    # 4th tile from top&#xA;            &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*4/7[tile_5],&#x27;    # 5th tile from top&#xA;            &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*5/7[tile_6],&#x27;    # 6th tile from top&#xA;            &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*6/7[tile_7],&#x27;    # 7th tile from top&#xA;            &#x2B; &#x27;[tile_1][tile_2][tile_3][tile_4][tile_5][tile_6][tile_7]hstack=7&#x27;,    # Stack tiles horizontally&#xA;        os.path.join(frames_renamed_path, &#x27;video.mp4&#x27;)    # Path to store output video&#xA;    ]&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;os.chdir(notebook_directory)    # Reset current working directory to notebook directory&#xA;&#xA;---------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xA;CalledProcessError                        Traceback (most recent call last)&#xA;Input In [10], in <cell 9="9">()&#xA;      6 frames_renamed_path = os.path.join(frames_path, &#x27;renamed&#x27;)&#xA;      7 os.chdir(frames_renamed_path)    # Temporarily change current working directory&#xA;----> 9 check_call(&#xA;     10     [&#xA;     11         os.path.join(ffmpeg_path, &#x27;ffmpeg&#x27;),&#xA;     12         &#x27;-y&#x27;,    # Overwrite output files without asking&#xA;     13         &#x27;-report&#x27;,    # Write logfile to current working directory&#xA;     14         &#x27;-hwaccel&#x27;, &#x27;cuda&#x27;,    # Use GPU acceleration&#xA;     15         &#x27;-framerate&#x27;, &#x27;60&#x27;,    # Input frame rate&#xA;     16         &#x27;-i&#x27;, os.path.join(frames_renamed_path, &#x27;frame%05d.png&#x27;),    # Path to input frames&#xA;     17         #&#x27;-pattern_type&#x27;, &#x27;glob&#x27;, &#x27;-i&#x27;, os.path.join(frames_renamed_path, &#x27;*.png&#x27;),    # glob not available in Windows by default&#xA;     18         #&#x27;-r&#x27;, &#x27;60&#x27;,    # Output frame rate&#xA;     19         &#x27;-vf&#x27;, &#x27;pad=ceil(iw/2)*2:ceil(ih/2)*2&#x27;,    # Pad frames to even pixel numbers (required by many codecs)&#xA;     20         #&#x27;-pix_fmt&#x27;, &#x27;yuv420p&#x27;,&#xA;     21         &#x27;-pix_fmt&#x27;, &#x27;rgb32&#x27;,    # Use RGB32 pixel format matching MatPlotLib image output&#xA;     22         &#x27;-filter_complex&#x27;,    # Cut frames into tiles and rearrange (here: 7 horizontal tiles)&#xA;     23             &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:0[tile_1],&#x27;    # 1st tile from top&#xA;     24             &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*1/7[tile_2],&#x27;    # 2nd tile from top&#xA;     25             &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*2/7[tile_3],&#x27;    # 3rd tile from top&#xA;     26             &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*3/7[tile_4],&#x27;    # 4th tile from top&#xA;     27             &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*4/7[tile_5],&#x27;    # 5th tile from top&#xA;     28             &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*5/7[tile_6],&#x27;    # 6th tile from top&#xA;     29             &#x2B; &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*6/7[tile_7],&#x27;    # 7th tile from top&#xA;     30             &#x2B; &#x27;[tile_1][tile_2][tile_3][tile_4][tile_5][tile_6][tile_7]hstack=7&#x27;,    # Stack tiles horizontally&#xA;     31         os.path.join(frames_renamed_path, &#x27;video.mp4&#x27;)    # Path to store output video&#xA;     32     ]&#xA;     33 )&#xA;     35 os.chdir(notebook_directory)&#xA;&#xA;File C:\Program Files\Python38\lib\subprocess.py:364, in check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs)&#xA;    362     if cmd is None:&#xA;    363         cmd = popenargs[0]&#xA;--> 364     raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)&#xA;    365 return 0&#xA;&#xA;CalledProcessError: Command &#x27;[&#x27;C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\ffmpeg\\ffmpeg&#x27;, &#x27;-y&#x27;, &#x27;-report&#x27;, &#x27;-hwaccel&#x27;, &#x27;cuda&#x27;, &#x27;-framerate&#x27;, &#x27;60&#x27;, &#x27;-i&#x27;, &#x27;C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\renamed\\frame%05d.png&#x27;, &#x27;-vf&#x27;, &#x27;pad=ceil(iw/2)*2:ceil(ih/2)*2&#x27;, &#x27;-pix_fmt&#x27;, &#x27;rgb32&#x27;, &#x27;-filter_complex&#x27;, &#x27;crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:0[tile_1],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*1/7[tile_2],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*2/7[tile_3],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*3/7[tile_4],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*4/7[tile_5],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*5/7[tile_6],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*6/7[tile_7],[tile_1][tile_2][tile_3][tile_4][tile_5][tile_6][tile_7]hstack=7&#x27;, &#x27;C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\renamed\\video.mp4&#x27;]&#x27; returned non-zero exit status 1.&#xA;</cell>

  


  This is the ffmpeg log output (cropped) :

  


  ffmpeg started on 2022-08-04 at 01:17:19
Report written to "ffmpeg-20220804-011719.log"
Log level: 48
Command line:
"C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\ffmpeg\\ffmpeg" -y -report -hwaccel cuda -framerate 60 -i "C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\renamed\\frame%05d.png" -vf "pad=ceil(iw/2)*2:ceil(ih/2)*2" -pix_fmt rgb32 -filter_complex "crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:0[tile_1],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*1/7[tile_2],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*2/7[tile_3],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*3/7[tile_4],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*4/7[tile_5],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*5/7[tile_6],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*6/7[tile_7],[tile_1][tile_2][tile_3][tile_4][tile_5][tile_6][tile_7]hstack=7" "C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\renamed\\video.mp4"
ffmpeg version 2022-07-14-git-882aac99d2-full_build-www.gyan.dev Copyright (c) 2000-2022 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 12.1.0 (Rev2, Built by MSYS2 project)
  configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-static --disable-w32threads --disable-autodetect --enable-fontconfig --enable-iconv --enable-gnutls --enable-libxml2 --enable-gmp --enable-bzlib --enable-lzma --enable-libsnappy --enable-zlib --enable-librist --enable-libsrt --enable-libssh --enable-libzmq --enable-avisynth --enable-libbluray --enable-libcaca --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdav1d --enable-libdavs2 --enable-libuavs3d --enable-libzvbi --enable-librav1e --enable-libsvtav1 --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxavs2 --enable-libxvid --enable-libaom --enable-libjxl --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libvpx --enable-mediafoundation --enable-libass --enable-frei0r --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-liblensfun --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-libzimg --enable-amf --enable-cuda-llvm --enable-cuvid --enable-ffnvcodec --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-d3d11va --enable-dxva2 --enable-libmfx --enable-libshaderc --enable-vulkan --enable-libplacebo --ena  libavutil      57. 29.100 / 57. 29.100
  libavcodec     59. 38.100 / 59. 38.100
  libavformat    59. 28.100 / 59. 28.100
  libavdevice    59.  8.100 / 59.  8.100
  libavfilter     8. 45.100 /  8. 45.100
  libswscale      6.  8.100 /  6.  8.100
  libswresample   4.  8.100 /  4.  8.100
  libpostproc    56.  7.100 / 56.  7.100
Splitting the commandline.
Reading option '-y' ... matched as option 'y' (overwrite output files) with argument '1'.
Reading option '-report' ... matched as option 'report' (generate a report) with argument '1'.
Reading option '-hwaccel' ... matched as option 'hwaccel' (use HW accelerated decoding) with argument 'cuda'.
Reading option '-framerate' ... matched as AVOption 'framerate' with argument '60'.
Reading option '-i' ... matched as input url with argument 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\renamed\frame%05d.png'.
Reading option '-vf' ... matched as option 'vf' (set video filters) with argument 'pad=ceil(iw/2)*2:ceil(ih/2)*2'.
Reading option '-pix_fmt' ... matched as option 'pix_fmt' (set pixel format) with argument 'rgb32'.
Reading option '-filter_complex' ... matched as option 'filter_complex' (create a complex filtergraph) with argument 'crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:0[tile_1],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*1/7[tile_2],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*2/7[tile_3],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*3/7[tile_4],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*4/7[tile_5],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*5/7[tile_6],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*6/7[tile_7],[tile_1][tile_2][tile_3][tile_4][tile_5][tile_6][tile_7]hstack=7'.
Reading option 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\renamed\video.mp4' ... matched as output url.
Finished splitting the commandline.
Parsing a group of options: global .
Applying option y (overwrite output files) with argument 1.
Applying option report (generate a report) with argument 1.
Applying option filter_complex (create a complex filtergraph) with argument crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:0[tile_1],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*1/7[tile_2],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*2/7[tile_3],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*3/7[tile_4],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*4/7[tile_5],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*5/7[tile_6],crop=in_w:in_h/7:0:in_h*6/7[tile_7],[tile_1][tile_2][tile_3][tile_4][tile_5][tile_6][tile_7]hstack=7.
Successfully parsed a group of options.
Parsing a group of options: input url C:\Users\Username\Desktop\renamed\frame%05d.png.
Applying option hwaccel (use HW accelerated decoding) with argument cuda.
Successfully parsed a group of options.
Opening an input file: C:\Users\Username\Desktop\renamed\frame%05d.png.
[image2 @ 00000000005db0c0] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\renamed\frame00000.png' for reading
[file @ 00000000005f6c00] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 00000000005fed40] Statistics: 28860 bytes read, 0 seeks

<...>

[AVIOContext @ 00000000005fda00] Statistics: 67659 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 00000000005db0c0] Probe buffer size limit of 5000000 bytes reached
Input #0, image2, from 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\renamed\frame%05d.png':
  Duration: 00:00:25.00, start: 0.000000, bitrate: N/A
  Stream #0:0, 80, 1/60: Video: png, rgba(pc), 1200x1857 [SAR 3937:3937 DAR 400:619], 60 fps, 60 tbr, 60 tbn
Successfully opened the file.
[Parsed_crop_0 @ 00000000005fdc40] Setting 'out_w' to value 'in_w'
[Parsed_crop_0 @ 00000000005fdc40] Setting 'out_h' to value 'in_h/7'
[Parsed_crop_0 @ 00000000005fdc40] Setting 'x' to value '0'
[Parsed_crop_0 @ 00000000005fdc40] Setting 'y' to value '0'
[Parsed_crop_1 @ 0000000000607500] Setting 'out_w' to value 'in_w'
[Parsed_crop_1 @ 0000000000607500] Setting 'out_h' to value 'in_h/7'
[Parsed_crop_1 @ 0000000000607500] Setting 'x' to value '0'
[Parsed_crop_1 @ 0000000000607500] Setting 'y' to value 'in_h*1/7'
[Parsed_crop_2 @ 0000000000607880] Setting 'out_w' to value 'in_w'
[Parsed_crop_2 @ 0000000000607880] Setting 'out_h' to value 'in_h/7'
[Parsed_crop_2 @ 0000000000607880] Setting 'x' to value '0'
[Parsed_crop_2 @ 0000000000607880] Setting 'y' to value 'in_h*2/7'
[Parsed_crop_3 @ 0000000000607c00] Setting 'out_w' to value 'in_w'
[Parsed_crop_3 @ 0000000000607c00] Setting 'out_h' to value 'in_h/7'
[Parsed_crop_3 @ 0000000000607c00] Setting 'x' to value '0'
[Parsed_crop_3 @ 0000000000607c00] Setting 'y' to value 'in_h*3/7'
[Parsed_crop_4 @ 00000000005fda00] Setting 'out_w' to value 'in_w'
[Parsed_crop_4 @ 00000000005fda00] Setting 'out_h' to value 'in_h/7'
[Parsed_crop_4 @ 00000000005fda00] Setting 'x' to value '0'
[Parsed_crop_4 @ 00000000005fda00] Setting 'y' to value 'in_h*4/7'
[Parsed_crop_5 @ 0000000002b8f800] Setting 'out_w' to value 'in_w'
[Parsed_crop_5 @ 0000000002b8f800] Setting 'out_h' to value 'in_h/7'
[Parsed_crop_5 @ 0000000002b8f800] Setting 'x' to value '0'
[Parsed_crop_5 @ 0000000002b8f800] Setting 'y' to value 'in_h*5/7'
[Parsed_crop_6 @ 0000000000607d00] Setting 'out_w' to value 'in_w'
[Parsed_crop_6 @ 0000000000607d00] Setting 'out_h' to value 'in_h/7'
[Parsed_crop_6 @ 0000000000607d00] Setting 'x' to value '0'
[Parsed_crop_6 @ 0000000000607d00] Setting 'y' to value 'in_h*6/7'
[Parsed_hstack_7 @ 0000000002b8fb80] Setting 'inputs' to value '7'
Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_crop_1


  


  What is the problem here ? Also, how does one interpret this cryptic error message at the end of the log output :

  


  Cannot find a matching stream for unlabeled input pad 0 on filter Parsed_crop_1

  


  E.g. what is input pad 0, why is it unlabeled, and why can't it find a matching stream ?

  


  (PS. : Yes, I do have a habit of excessively documenting my code. ^^)

  


• The Ultimate List of Alternatives to Google Products

  2 août 2022, par Erin — Privacy

  For many businesses, Google products can play an integral part in the productivity, function and even success of the company. This is because Google has designed their digital ecosystem to infiltrate every aspect of your work and personal life at low-to-no cost.

  On the surface, this seems like a no-brainer. Why not have a cost-effective and seamlessly connected tech stack ? It’s the complete package. 

  From Gmail to Google Analytics, it becomes hard to untangle yourself from this intricate web Google has managed to spin. But like a web, you know there’s also a catch.

  This leads us to the big question… Why stop ?

  In this blog, we’ll cover :

  Why de-Google ?

  Google products are convenient and seemingly free. However, in recent years, Google’s name has become synonymous with privacy breaches, data leaks and illegal under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

  As their track record shows a glaring disregard for data protection, a growing list of EU member countries like Austria, France, Denmark and Italy have banned Google products, such as Google Analytics, Google Workspace and Google Chromebook.

  Google offers free products and services, but not out of altruism. There’s a trade-off. By using Google’s “free” products, your customers’ and your own online activity becomes a commodity that can be sold to advertisers.

  When the risks of using Google products are considered, it becomes clear the need to plot a pathway to de-Google your business. If you’re wondering how in the world to uncoil from this web, fortunately, there are plenty of privacy-friendly, secure alternatives to Google products that you can choose.

  Disclaimer : Below, we’ve tried our best to provide a comprehensive list of alternatives to Google products for businesses, but because you know your business best, we’d also encourage you to do your own research to ensure the tool will suit your unique needs.

  Best Google alternative tools for business

  Overall business tools

  Google Workspace alternatives

  Google Workspace isn’t GDPR compliant by default, so businesses are at risk of fines and reputational damage. More EU countries are reaching the same conclusion that Google products are violating EU law. Data Protection Authorities from Norway and Denmark have deemed Google Workspace illegal in accordance with the GDPR. 

  Nextcloud

  Nextcloud is an open-source and self-hosted productivity platform that offers a suite of services to replace the major features found in Google Workspace, such as Google Drive, Calendar, Docs, Forms and Tasks. 

  You can share files and collaborate without worrying about data being shared with unauthorised individuals or companies. As a self-hosted suite, you’re in full control of where your data is, who has access to it and can comply with the strictest of data protection legislations.

  

  Zoho

  Zoho is a Google Workspace alternative built on the same principles as Google’s productivity suite. It offers a suite of online office tools, including email, calendar and task management, but with an emphasis on privacy protection. Zoho doesn’t rely on advertising revenue to support their business which means your personal data will never be sold or used for targeted ads. 

  With over 75 million users globally, Zoho offers data encryption at rest and at transit, multi-factor authentication and complies with strict security standards set by HIPAA, the Cloud Security Alliance and the GDPR.

  

  Gmail alternatives

  Google only encrypts emails via STARTTLS. In other words, your data isn’t end-to-end encrypted and can be decrypted by them at any time. Gmail also has a history of allowing third-party app developers that work with Gmail to access private and personal Gmail messages for their own market research purposes.

  ProtonMail

  ProtonMail is a secure, open-source email service that provides end-to-end encryption, so only the sender and receiver can access the messages. Proton deliberately doesn’t possess the key needed to decrypt any part of the message, so you know your sensitive business information is always private. 

  To protect users from digital surveillance, they also provide enhanced tracking protections and don’t rely on ads, so your data isn’t mined for advertising purposes. Not only that, you can also sync ProtonMail with a host of other Google alternative products, such as Proton Calendar and Proton Drive.

  

  Mailfence

  Mailfence is a highly secure communications and planning platform that offers a complete email suite, as well as, Documents, a Calendar and Groups. It provides end-to-end encryption and comes with a built-in data loss prevention system that prevents unauthorised access to your sensitive information. 

  Mailfence is completely ad-free and promises to never commercialise its databases or share data with third parties for targeted ads.

  

  Tutanota

  Tutanota is an open-source email service known as one of the first to offer end-to-end encryption. It boasts a user-friendly interface and offers a fast, simple and secure email service that works on web and mobile platforms. Stringent security, in addition to TOTP and U2F for two-factor authentication means you control who has access to your email and messages. 

  It requires no phone number or personal information to register for a free account. In addition, Tutanota doesn’t earn money through ads, its servers are based in Europe and it is fully GDPR compliant.

  

  Google Calendar alternatives

  Calendars can contain a lot of personal information (who you are meeting, location, contact info, etc.), which is well worth keeping private. 

  Proton Calendar

  With Proton Calendar all event details – participants, locations, event names, descriptions and notes are end-to-end encrypted. It has a clean and easy-to-use interface, and you get a full set of advanced features to replace Google Calendar, such as the ability to create events and reminders, add multiple calendars and set up repeating events. You can easily sync all your calendars between mobile and desktop apps.

  

  Mailfence Calendar

  Mailfence Calendar lets you manage, schedule and track your events and meetings. Similar to Google Calendar, you can invite people to events using their Mailfence email IDs, but it doesn’t track your location or email address.

  

  Tutanota Calendar

  Tutanota Calendar offers built-in encryption, so no one else can decrypt and read your information.

  You can keep track of your appointments and meetings in a secure environment that only you have access to. You get features, such as day/week/month view, all-day events, recurring events, upcoming events view and shared calendars. You can also sync it with other apps such as Outlook.

  

  Nextcloud Calendar app

  Nextcloud also offers a Calendar app which easily syncs events from different devices with your Nextcloud account. You can integrate it with other Nextcloud apps like Contacts, Talk and Tasks.

  

  Google Drive alternatives

  The GDPR emphasises end-to-end encryption as a safeguard against data leaks, but Google Drive isn’t end-to-end encrypted, so Google has access to the data on its servers. 

  In their privacy policy, they also state that this data can be analysed for advertising purposes, so although you’re using “free” Cloud storage, users need to be aware that they’re paying for this by giving Google access to any and all data stored in Google Drive.

  Proton Drive

  Proton Drive is a secure and private Cloud storage service that provides you with an easy-to-use, customisable and secure file management system.

  It uses end-to-end encryption to secure your data and keep it safe from prying eyes. As you have full control over your data, you can decide how long it’s stored and who has access to it. You can also choose how much of your information is shared with other users.

  

  Nextcloud

  Nextcloud works on your own server, so you can access and share your data wherever you are. It’s a file hosting service that lets you store files, sync them across your devices and collaborate with others on projects. 

  It also provides encryption for all the files that you store on its servers, so you can rest assured that no one can see your information without your permission.

  

  Syncthing

  Syncthing is a free, open-source file synchronisation program that allows you to store and access your files wherever you are. It’s designed to be fast, secure and easy to use, making it a great alternative to Google Drive. 

  With Syncthing, you can sync files across multiple computers and mobile devices at once. So if you create, delete or modify files on one machine, they will automatically be replicated on other devices. Data is saved directly to a location you choose, so you can securely backup your data without needing a third-party cloud service.

  Google Docs alternatives

  Google states they can “collect information” from Google-hosted content such as Docs by means of automated scanning. 

  Not only does this stoke spying fears, it also raises concerns over who holds power over your content. If they look through your docs and decide that you’ve violated their terms of service, you can get locked out of your Google Docs – as was the case when a National Geographic crime reporter had her story “frozen” by Google.

  LibreOffice

  LibreOffice is a free, open-source office suite with all the features you need to create and edit documents, presentations and spreadsheets. It’s compatible with many different languages and all Microsoft Office file formats. 

  Unlike Google Docs, LibreOffice doesn’t store your documents on the Cloud. As it runs on your own computer, you maintain complete control and the data is kept as private and as secure as you wish. LibreOffice also has an online version that works with most web browsers and can be used on Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems. 

  The open-source nature ensures security as the code is constantly improved and scouted for vulnerabilities.

  

  Nextcloud Office

  Like Google Docs, Nextcloud Office lets you create new documents and spreadsheets and collaborate with teammates or colleagues. But unlike Google Docs, Nextcloud doesn’t collect any data on who is using its platform, or what they’re doing on it. You can even encrypt the files you store in Nextcloud, so no one else can see them unless you give them access to your account.

  

  Google Keep alternative

  Standard Notes

  Standard Notes is an open-source online notebook app that offers a variety of useful features, such as tasks, to-dos and spreadsheets. 

  Unlike Google Keep, which has access to your notes, Standard Notes is end-to-end encrypted, which protects all your information and keeps it securely synced across all your devices. Standard Notes supports text, images and audio notes. As open-source software, they value transparency and trust and don’t rely on tracking or intrusive ads.

  

  Google Chrome alternatives

  Google Chrome is notorious for stalking users and collecting information for their own gains. Their browser fuels their data gathering infrastructure by being able to collect info about your search history, location, personal data and product interaction data for “personalisation” purposes – essentially to build a profile of you to sell to advertisers.

  Firefox

  Firefox is one of the most secure browsers for privacy and is trusted by 220 million users. It easily compares with Chrome in terms of ease of use and performance. 

  On top of that it offers enhanced privacy protections, so you get a browser that doesn’t stalk you and isn’t riddled with ads.

  

• Dash output with ffmpeg not producing durations specified with -seg_duration

  30 juillet 2022, par Codie

  There is a .mp4 file of 35 MB and 51 seconds. I have to create 51 chunks, each corresponding to 1 second with a size of less than 1MB (the total size should be almost the same as the original file). Please note that I have to implement lossless converting.

  


  I've tried many times, but it just produces about 10 files above 10 MB.

  


  ---

  


  Command :

  


  ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -map 0:v -c:v libx264 -crf 0 -bf 1 -keyint_min 120 -g 120 -sc_threshold 0 -b_strategy 0 -use_template 1 -seg_duration 1 -window_size 60 -adaptation_sets "id=0,streams=v id=1,streams=a" -f dash ./dashTest/out.mpd


  


  ---

  


  Command line log :

  


  ffmpeg version 5.1-full_build-www.gyan.dev Copyright (c) 2000-2022 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 12.1.0 (Rev2, Built by MSYS2 project)
  configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-static --disable-w32threads --disable-autodetect --enable-fontconfig --enable-iconv --enable-gnutls --enable-libxml2 --enable-gmp --enable-bzlib --enable-lzma --enable-libsnappy --enable-zlib --enable-librist --enable-libsrt --enable-libssh --enable-libzmq --enable-avisynth --enable-libbluray --enable-libcaca --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdav1d --enable-libdavs2 --enable-libuavs3d --enable-libzvbi --enable-librav1e --enable-libsvtav1 --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxavs2 --enable-libxvid --enable-libaom --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libvpx --enable-mediafoundation --enable-libass --enable-frei0r --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-liblensfun --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-libzimg --enable-amf --enable-cuda-llvm --enable-cuvid --enable-ffnvcodec --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-d3d11va --enable-dxva2 --enable-libmfx --enable-libshaderc --enable-vulkan --enable-libplacebo --enable-opencl --enable-libcdio --enable-libgme --enable-libmodplug --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libshine --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libilbc --enable-libgsm --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopus --enable-libspeex --enable-libvorbis --enable-ladspa --enable-libbs2b --enable-libflite --enable-libmysofa --enable-librubberband --enable-libsoxr --enable-chromaprint
  libavutil      57. 28.100 / 57. 28.100
  libavcodec     59. 37.100 / 59. 37.100
  libavformat    59. 27.100 / 59. 27.100
  libavdevice    59.  7.100 / 59.  7.100
  libavfilter     8. 44.100 /  8. 44.100
  libswscale      6.  7.100 /  6.  7.100
  libswresample   4.  7.100 /  4.  7.100
  libpostproc    56.  6.100 / 56.  6.100
Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'input.mp4':
  Metadata:
    major_brand     : mp42
    minor_version   : 0
    compatible_brands: mp42mp41
    creation_time   : 2022-07-27T09:13:31.000000Z
  Duration: 00:00:50.03, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 5716 kb/s
  Stream #0:0[0x1](eng): Video: h264 (High) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p(progressive), 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 5396 kb/s, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 25k tbn (default)
    Metadata:
      creation_time   : 2022-07-27T09:13:31.000000Z
      handler_name    : ?Mainconcept Video Media Handler
      vendor_id       : [0][0][0][0]
      encoder         : AVC Coding
  Stream #0:1[0x2](eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 317 kb/s (default)
    Metadata:
      creation_time   : 2022-07-27T09:13:31.000000Z
      handler_name    : #Mainconcept MP4 Sound Media Handler
      vendor_id       : [0][0][0][0]
Stream mapping:
  Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (h264 (native) -> h264 (libx264))
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] using SAR=1/1
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 SSE4.2 AVX
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] profile High 4:4:4 Predictive, level 3.1, 4:2:0, 8-bit
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] 264 - core 164 r3095 baee400 - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec - Copyleft 2003-2022 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - options: cabac=1 ref=3 deblock=1:0:0 analyse=0x3:0x113 me=hex subme=7 psy=0 mixed_ref=1 me_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=0 8x8dct=1 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pskip=0 chroma_qp_offset=0 threads=12 lookahead_threads=2 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decimate=1 interlaced=0 bluray_compat=0 constrained_intra=0 bframes=0 weightp=2 keyint=120 keyint_min=61 scenecut=0 intra_refresh=0 rc=cqp mbtree=0 qp=0
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] No bit rate set for stream 0
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/init-stream0.m4s' for writing
Output #0, dash, to './dashTest/out.mpd':
  Metadata:
    major_brand     : mp42
    minor_version   : 0
    compatible_brands: mp42mp41
    encoder         : Lavf59.27.100
  Stream #0:0(eng): Video: h264, yuv420p(progressive), 1280x720 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=2-31, 25 fps, 12800 tbn (default)
    Metadata:
      creation_time   : 2022-07-27T09:13:31.000000Z
      handler_name    : ?Mainconcept Video Media Handler
      vendor_id       : [0][0][0][0]
      encoder         : Lavc59.37.100 libx264
    Side data:
      cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: N/A
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00001.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.849x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00002.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.918x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00003.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.942x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00004.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.957x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00005.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.964x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00006.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.971x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00007.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.975x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00008.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.978x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00009.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.981x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00010.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.982x
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/chunk-stream0-00011.m4s.tmp' for writing
[dash @ 000001d13a2a4680] Opening './dashTest/out.mpd.tmp' for writing0.983x
frame= 1250 fps= 25 q=-1.0 Lsize=N/A time=00:00:49.96 bitrate=N/A speed=0.992x
video:171641kB audio:0kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: unknown
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] frame I:11    Avg QP: 0.00  size:255122
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] frame P:1239  Avg QP: 0.00  size:139591
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] mb I  I16..4: 52.8%  8.8% 38.4%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] mb P  I16..4:  3.9%  0.7%  1.3%  P16..4: 28.0% 13.9% 11.3%  0.0%  0.0%    skip:40.8%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] 8x8 transform intra:11.9% inter:33.4%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] coded y,uvDC,uvAC intra: 68.6% 80.1% 78.9% inter: 38.0% 47.1% 46.5%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] i16 v,h,dc,p: 65% 28%  5%  2%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] i8 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 33% 33% 28%  2%  1%  1%  1%  1%  1%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] i4 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 36% 36%  7%  3%  5%  3%  4%  3%  2%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] i8c dc,h,v,p: 17% 38% 44%  1%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] Weighted P-Frames: Y:0.0% UV:0.0%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] ref P L0: 86.4%  7.6%  4.6%  1.4%
[libx264 @ 000001d13acb0380] kb/s:28121.58


  


  ---

  


  .mpd file :

  


  &lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>&#xA;<mpd xmlns="urn:mpeg:dash:schema:mpd:2011" profiles="urn:mpeg:dash:profile:isoff-live:2011" type="static" mediapresentationduration="PT50.0S" maxsegmentduration="PT1.0S" minbuffertime="PT9.6S">&#xA;    <programinformation>&#xA;    </programinformation>&#xA;    <servicedescription>&#xA;    </servicedescription>&#xA;    <period start="PT0.0S">&#xA;        <adaptationset contenttype="video" startwithsap="1" segmentalignment="true" bitstreamswitching="true" framerate="25/1" maxwidth="1280" maxheight="720" par="16:9" lang="eng">&#xA;            <representation mimetype="video/mp4" codecs="avc1.f4001f" bandwidth="28122926" width="1280" height="720" sar="1:1">&#xA;                <segmenttemplate timescale="12800" initialization="init-stream$RepresentationID$.m4s" media="chunk-stream$RepresentationID$-$Number%05d$.m4s" startnumber="1">&#xA;                    <segmenttimeline>&#xA;                        <s t="0" d="61440" r="9"></s>&#xA;                        <s d="25600"></s>&#xA;                    </segmenttimeline>&#xA;                </segmenttemplate>&#xA;            </representation>&#xA;        </adaptationset>&#xA;        <adaptationset contenttype="audio" startwithsap="1" segmentalignment="true" bitstreamswitching="true">&#xA;        </adaptationset>&#xA;    </period>&#xA;</mpd>&#xA;

  


  ---

  


  Please, if you want to put a negative point, mention your reason in the comments !

  


  ---