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• What is last click attribution ? A beginner’s guide

  10 mars 2024, par Erin

  Imagine you just finished a successful marketing campaign. You reached new highs in campaign revenue. Your conversion was higher than ever. And you did it without dramatically increasing your marketing budget.

  So, you start planning your next campaign with a bigger budget.

  But what do you do ? Where do you invest the extra money ?

  You used several marketing tactics and channels in the last campaign. To solve this problem, you need to track marketing attribution — where you give conversion credit to a channel (or channels) that acted as a touchpoint along the buyer’s journey.

  One of the most popular attribution models is last click attribution.

  In this article, we’ll break down what last click attribution is, its advantages and disadvantages, and examples of how you can use it to gain insights into the marketing strategies driving your growth.

  What is last click attribution ?

  Last click, or last interaction, is a marketing attribution model that seeks to give all credit for a conversion to the final touchpoint in the buyer’s journey. It assumes the customer’s last interaction with your brand (before the sale) was the most influential marketing channel for the conversion decision.

  

  Example of last click attribution

  Let’s say a woman named Jill stumbles across a fitness equipment website through an Instagram ad. She explores the website, looking at a few fitness bands and equipment, but she doesn’t buy anything.

  A few days later, Jill was doing a workout but wished she had equipment to use.

  So, she Googles the name of the company she checked out earlier to take a look at the fitness bands it offers. She’s not sure which one to get, but she signs up for a 10% discount by entering her email.

  A few days later, she sees an ad on Facebook and visits the site but exits before purchasing. 

  The next day, Jill gets an email from the store stating that her discount code is expiring. She clicks on the link, plugs in the discount code, and buys a fitness band for $49.99.

  Under the last click attribution model, the fitness company would attribute full credit for the sale to their email campaign while ignoring all other touchpoints (the Instagram ad, Jill’s organic Google search, and the Facebook ad).

  3 advantages of last click attribution

  Last click attribution is one of the most popular methods to credit a conversion. Here are the primary advantages of using it to measure your marketing efforts :

  

  1. Easiest attribution method for beginners

  If something’s too complicated, many people simply won’t touch it.

  So, when you start diving into attribution, you might want to keep it simple. Fortunately, last click attribution is a wonderful method for beginner marketers to try out. And when you first begin tracking your marketing efforts, it’s one of the easiest methods to grasp. 

  2. It can have more impact on revenue

  Attribution and conversions go hand in hand. But conversions aren’t just about making a sale or generating more revenue. We often need to track the conversions that take place before a sale.

  This could include gaining a new follower on Instagram or capturing an email subscriber with a new lead magnet.

  If you’re trying to attribute why someone converted into a follower or lead, you may want to ditch last click for something else.

  But when you’re looking strictly at revenue-generating conversions, last click can be one of the most impactful methods for giving credit to a conversion.

  3. It helps you understand bottom-of-funnel conversions

  If SEO is your focus, chances are pretty good that you aren’t looking for a direct sale right out of the gate. You likely want to build your authority, inform and educate your audience, and then maybe turn them into a lead.

  However, when your primary focus isn’t generating traffic or leads but turning your leads into customers, then you’re focused on the bottom of your sales funnel.

  Last click can be helpful to use in bottom-of-funnel (BoFu) conversions since it often means following a paid ad or sales email that allows you to convert your warm audience member.

  If you’re strictly after revenue, you may not need to pay as much attention to the person who reads your latest blog post. After they read the article, they may have seen a social media post. And then, maybe they saw your email with a discount to buy now — which converted them into a paying customer.

  3 challenges of last click attribution

  Last click attribution is a simple way to start analysing the channels that impact your conversions. But it’s not perfect.

  Here are a few challenges of last click attribution you should keep in mind :

  

  1. It ignores all other touchpoints

  Last click attribution is a single-touch attribution model. This type of model declares that a single channel gets 100% of the credit for a sale.

  But this can overlook impactful contributions from other channels.

  Multi-touch attribution seeks to give credit to multiple channels for each conversion. This is a more holistic approach.

  2. It fragments the customer journey

  Most customers need a few touchpoints before they’ll make a purchase.

  Maybe it’s reading a blog post via Google, checking out a social media post on Instagram, and receiving a nurture email.

  If you look only at the last touchpoint before a sale, then you ignore the impact of the other channels. This leads to a fragmented customer journey. 

  Imagine this : You tell your marketing leaders that Facebook ads are responsible for your success because they were the last touch for 65% of conversions. So, you pour your entire budget into Facebook ads.

  What happens ?

  Your sales drop by 60% in one month. This happens because you ignored the traffic you were generating from SEO blog posts that led to that conversion — the nurturing that took place in email marketing.

  3. Say goodbye to brand awareness marketing

  Without a brand, you can’t have a sustainable business.

  Some marketing activities, like brand awareness campaigns, are meant to fuel brand awareness to build a business that lasts for years.

  But if you’re going to use last click attribution to measure the effectiveness of your marketing efforts, then you’re going to diminish the impact of brand awareness.

  Your brand, as a whole, has the ability to generate multiples of your current revenue by simply reaching more people and creating unique brand experiences with new audiences.

  Last click attribution can’t easily measure brand awareness activities, which means their importance is often ignored.

  Last click attribution vs. other attribution models

  Last click attribution is just one type of attribution model. Here are five other common marketing attribution models you might want to consider :

  

  First interaction

  We’ve already touched on last click interaction as a marketing attribution model. But one of the most common models does the opposite.

  First interaction, or first touch, gives full credit to the first channel that brought a lead in. 

  First interaction is best used for top-of-funnel (ToFU) conversions, like user acquisition.

  Last non-direct interaction

  A similar model to last click attribution is one called last non-direct interaction. But one major difference is that it excludes all direct traffic from the calculation. Instead, it assigns full conversion credit to the channel that precedes it.

  For instance, let’s say you see someone comes to your website via a Facebook ad but doesn’t purchase. Then one week later, they go directly to your website through a bookmark they saved and they complete a purchase. Instead of giving attribution to the direct traffic touchpoint (entering your site through a saved bookmark), you attribute the conversion to the previous channel.

  In this case, the Facebook ad gets the credit.

  Last non-direct attribution is best used for BoFu conversions.

  Linear

  Another common attribution model is called linear attribution. Here, you split the credit for a conversion equally across every single touchpoint.

  This means if someone clicks on your blog post in Google, TikTok post, email, and a Facebook ad, then the credit for the conversion is equally split between each of these channels.

  This model is helpful for looking at both BoFu and ToFu activities.

  Time decay

  Time decay is an attribution model that more accurately credits conversions across different touchpoints. This means the closer a channel is to a conversion, the more weight is given to it.

  The time decay model assumes that the closer a channel is to a conversion, the greater that channel’s impact is on a sale.

  Position based

  Position-based, also called U-shaped attribution, is an interesting model that gives multiple channels credit for a conversion.

  But it doesn’t give equal credit to channels or weighted credit to the channels closest to the conversion.

  Instead, it gives the most credit to the first and last interactions.

  In other words, it emphasises the conversion of someone to a lead and, eventually, a customer.

  It gives the first and last interaction 40% of the credit for a conversion and then splits the remaining 20% across the other touchpoints in the customer journey.

  If you’re ever unsure about which attribution model to use, with Matomo, you can compare them to determine the one that best aligns with your goals and accurately reflects conversion paths. 

  

  In the above screenshot from Matomo, you can see how last-click compares to first-click and linear models to understand their respective impacts on conversions.

  Try Matomo for Free

  Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.

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  Use Matomo to track last click attribution

  If you want to improve your marketing, you need to start tracking your efforts. Without marketing attribution, you will never be certain which marketing activities are pushing your business forward.

  Last click attribution is one of the most popular ways to get started with attribution since it, very simply, gives full credit to the last interaction for a conversion.

  If you want to start tracking last click attribution (or any other previously mentioned attribution model), sign up for Matomo’s 21-day free trial today. No credit card required.

  Try Matomo for Free

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• CRO Testing : The 6-Steps for Maximising Conversion Rates

  10 mars 2024, par Erin

  It’s a nightmare every marketing manager faces. Traffic is soaring after you’ve launched new digital marketing campaigns, but conversions have barely moved.

  Sound familiar ?

  The good news is you’re not alone — loads of marketing managers struggle to get potential customers to purchase. The better news is that you can test dozens of strategies to turn around your site’s fortunes. 

  Conversion rate optimisation testing (CRO testing for short) is the name for this kind of experimentation — and it can send conversion rates and revenue soaring.

  In this article, we’ll explain CRO testing and how you can start doing it today using Matomo. 

  What is CRO Testing ? 

  CRO testing is optimising your site’s conversion funnel using a series of experiments designed to improve conversion rates.

  A CRO test can take several forms, but it usually involves changing one or more elements of your landing page. It looks something like this :

  1. You hypothesise what you expect to happen.
  2. You then run an A/B test using a dedicated CRO platform or tool.
  3. This tool will divide your site’s traffic, sending one segment to one variation and the other segment to another.
  4. The CRO tool will measure conversions, track statistical significance, and declare one variation the winner. 

  A CRO tool isn’t the only software you can use to gather data when running tests. There are several other valuable data sources, including :

  • A web analytics platform : to identify issues with your website
  • User surveys : to find out what your target audience thinks about your site
  • Heatmaps : to learn where users focus their attention
  • Session recordings : to discover how visitors browse your site

  Use as many of these features, tools, and methods as you can when brainstorming hypotheses and measuring results. After all, your CRO test is only as good as your data.

  On that note, we need to mention the importance of data accuracy when researching issues with your website and running CRO tests. If you trust a platform like Google Analytics that uses data sampling (where only a subset of data is analysed), then there’s a risk you make business decisions based on inaccurate reports.

  In practice, that could see you overestimate the effectiveness of a landing page, potentially wasting thousands in ad spend on poorly converting pages. 

  That’s why over a million websites rely on Matomo as their web analytics solution—it doesn’t sample data, providing 100% accurate website traffic insights you can trust to make informed decisions.

  Try Matomo for Free

  Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.

  Start for free

  No credit card required

  Types of CRO Testing 

  There are three core types of CRO tests :

  A/B testing

  A/B testing, or split testing, is when you test two versions of the same page against each other. Usually, the two pages have only one difference, such as a new headline or a different CTA. 

  

  In the test above, for example, we test what happens if we remove one of the affiliate links from a page. We hypothesise that conversions won’t change because these links aren’t effective.

  A/B/n testing

  A/B/n testing is when you test multiple variations of the same element on the same page. 

  Rather than just testing one headline against another, for example, you test multiple different headlines at once.

  

  In the test above in Matomo, we’re testing a website’s original header against a wider and smaller version. It turns out the wider header converts significantly better. 

  Multivariate testing

  In a multivariate CRO test, you test multiple different elements at the same time. That could mean testing combining a different headline, CTA button, and image. 

  Multivariate testing can save time because you test multiple elements at once and find the best combination of elements. But you’ll usually need a lot of traffic to find a statistically significant result.

  Why is CRO testing important ?

  Who doesn’t want more conversions, right ? Improving your conversion rate is the core benefit of running a CRO test, but there are a couple of other reasons you should do it, too :

  

  Improve conversion rates

  How well does your website convert visitors ? The average conversion rate of a typical website is 2.35%, but better-performing websites have significantly higher conversion rates. The top 25% of websites across all industries convert at a rate of 5.31% or higher.

  CRO testing is the best way to improve your site’s conversion rate by tweaking elements of your website and implementing the best results. And because it’s based on data, not your intuition, you’re likely to identify changes that move the needle. 

  Optimise the user experience

  CRO tests are also a great way to improve your site’s user experience. The process of CRO testing forces you to understand how users navigate your website using heatmaps and session recordings and fix the issues they face. 

  You could simplify your form fields to make them easier to fill in, for example, or make your pages easier to navigate. In both cases, your actions will also increase conversion rates.

  Decrease acquisition costs

  Improving your conversion rate using CRO testing will usually mean a decrease in customer acquisition costs and other conversion metrics. 

  After all, if the cost of your PPC ads stays the same but you convert more traffic, then each new customer will cost less to acquire.

  How to do CRO testing in 6 steps 

  Ready to get your hands dirty ? Follow these six steps to set up your first CRO test :

  Have a clear goal

  Don’t jump straight into testing. You need to be clear about what you want to achieve ; otherwise, you risk wasting time on irrelevant experiments. 

  If you’re unsure what to focus on, look back through your web analytics data and other tools like heatmaps, form analytics, and session recordings to get a feel for some of your site’s biggest conversion roadblocks. 

  Maybe there’s a page with a much lower conversion rate, for example — or a form that most users fail to complete. 

  If it’s the former, then your goal could be to increase the conversion rate of this specific landing page by 25%, bringing it in line with your site’s average. 

  

  Make sure your new conversion goal is set up properly in your website analytics platform, too. This will ensure you’re tracking conversions accurately. 

  Set a hypothesis

  Now you’ve got a goal, it’s time to create a hypothesis. Based on your available research, a hypothesis is an assumption you make about your conversion rate optimisation test.

  A heatmap of your poorly converting landing page may show that users aren’t focusing on your CTA button because it’s hidden below the fold. 

  You could hypothesise that by placing the CTA button directly under your headline above the fold, your conversion rate should increase. 

  Whatever your goal, you can use the following template to write a hypothesis :

  If we [make this specific change], then [this specific outcome] will occur because [reason].

  Design your test elements

  Most marketing managers won’t be able to run CRO tests independently. A team of talented experts must create the assets you need for a successful experimentation. This includes designers, copywriters, and web developers. 

  Don’t just have them create one new element at a time. Accelerate the process by having your team create dozens of designs simultaneously. That way, you can run a new CRO test as soon as your current test has finished. 

  Create and launch the test

  It’s time to launch your test. Use a CRO tool to automate building your test and tracking results. 

  With Matomo’s A/B Testing feature, it’s as easy as giving your test a name, writing a hypothesis and description, and uploading the URLs of your page variants.

  

  Matomo handles everything else, giving you a detailed breakdown at the end of the test with the winning variant. 

  Try Matomo for Free

  Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.

  Start for free

  No credit card required

  Analyse the results

  You can only review the results of your CRO test once it has reached statistical significance — which means the observed outcome isn’t the result of chance.

  In the same way you wouldn’t say a die is unbiased after three rolls, you need thousands of visitors to see your landing pages and take action before deciding which is better. 

  Luckily, most CRO testing platforms, including Matomo, will highlight when a test reaches statistical significance. That means you only need to look at the result to see if your hypothesis is correct. 

  Implement and repeat

  Was your test a success ? Great, you can implement the results and test a new element. 

  Yep, that’s right. There’s no time to rest on your laurels. Continuous CRO testing is necessary to squeeze every conversion possible from your website. Just like fashion trends, website effectiveness changes over time. What works today might not work tomorrow, making ongoing CRO testing beneficial and necessary.

  That’s why it’s a good idea to choose a CRO testing platform like Matomo with no data limits.

  Try Matomo for Free

  Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.

  Start for free

  No credit card required

  CRO testing examples you can run today 

  There’s no shortage of CRO tests you can run. Here are some experiments to get started with :

  Change your CTA design and copy

  Calls to action (CTAs) are the best elements to optimise during your first CRO test. You can change many things about them ; even the smallest optimisation can have a huge impact. 

  Just take a look at the image below to see how diverse your CTAs could be :

  

  Changing your CTA’s copy is a great place to start, especially if you have generic instructions like “Apply Now.”

  Try a more specific instruction like “Download your free trial” or “Buy now to get 30% off.” Or test benefit-led instructions like “Reduce your ad spend today” or “Take back control of your data.”

  Changing the colour of your CTAs can also yield more conversions. Bright colours are always a good bet. Just make sure your button stands out from the rest of your page. 

  Move the CTA button placement

  The placement of your CTA can be just as important as its copy or colour. If it’s down at the bottom of your page, there’s a good chance most of your visitors will miss it. 

  Try moving it above the fold to see if that makes a difference. Then, test multiple CTA buttons as opposed to just one. 

  Heatmaps and session recordings can identify whether this test is worthwhile. If users rarely focus on your CTA or just don’t scroll far enough to find it, then it’s a good bet you could see an uptick in conversions by moving it. 

  Try different headlines

  Your website’s headlines are another great place to start CRO testing. These are usually the first (and sometimes only) things visitors read, so optimising them as much as possible makes sense. 

  There are entire books written about creating persuasive headlines, but start with one of the following tactics :

  • Include a benefit
    • “Achieve radiant skin—discover the secret !”
  • Add numbers
    • “3 foolproof methods for saving money on your next vacation”
  • Using negative words instead of positive ones
    • “Avoid these 7 mistakes to unlock your potential for personal growth”
  • Shortening or lengthening your headline
    • Shortened : “Crush your fitness goals : Expert tips for success”
    • Lengthened : “Embark on your fitness journey : Learn from experts with proven tips to crush your wellness goals”

  Add more trust signals

  Adding trust signals to your website, such as brand logos, customer reviews, and security badges, can increase your conversion rate.

  We use it at Matomo by adding the logos of well-known clients like the United Nations and Amnesty International underneath our CTAs.

  

  It’s incredibly effective, too. Research by Edelman finds that trust is among the top three most important buying decision factors, above brand likeability.

  Start CRO testing with Matomo

  CRO testing is a data-backed method to improve your site’s conversion rate, making it more user-friendly and decreasing customer acquisition costs. Even a small improvement will be worth the cost of the tools and your time. 

  Fortunately, there’s no need to allocate hundreds of dollars monthly for multiple specialised testing tools. With Matomo, you get a comprehensive platform offering web analytics, user behaviour insights, and CRO testing – all conveniently bundled into one solution. Matomo’s pricing starts from just $19 per month, making it accessible to businesses of all sizes.

  Plus, rest assured knowing that you are GDPR compliant and the data provided is 100% accurate, ethically empowering you to make informed decisions with confidence.

  Take the first step on your CRO testing journey by trying Matomo free for 21 days ; no credit card required.

  Try Matomo for Free

  21 day free trial. No credit card required.

  
  

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• pixfmt : Add ARIB STD-B76 color transfer characteristic

  15 juin 2016, par Neil Birkbeck

  pixfmt : Add ARIB STD-B76 color transfer characteristic
  Adding hybrid log-gamma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Log-Gamma)
  
  based on the standardization in ARIB STD-B67 :
  
  http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/doc/2-STD-B67v1_0.pdf
  The choice of enum value of 18 is consistent with HEVC :
  
  http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=10481
  And also with latest proposal for color format in mkv :
  
  https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/search/?email_list=cellar&gbt=1&q=Colour+Format+proposal
  Signed-off-by : Vittorio Giovara <vittorio.giovara@gmail.com>
  

  • [DBH] libavcodec/options_table.h
  • [DBH] libavcodec/version.h
  • [DBH] libavutil/pixdesc.c
  • [DBH] libavutil/pixfmt.h
  • [DBH] libavutil/version.h