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    25 avril 2011, par

    MediaSPIP 0.1 beta is the first version of MediaSPIP proclaimed as "usable".
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    To get a working installation, you must manually install all-software dependencies on the server.
    If you want to use this archive for an installation in "farm mode", you will also need to proceed to other manual (...)

  • Multilang : améliorer l’interface pour les blocs multilingues

    18 février 2011, par

    Multilang est un plugin supplémentaire qui n’est pas activé par défaut lors de l’initialisation de MediaSPIP.
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  • How to set up a cron job for ffmpeg in centOS 6

    9 mars 2018, par user27240

    I can convert from mp4 file to jpg file manually one by one with the below command on centOS 6 environment.

    Now, could anyone help me out how to set up a cron for any mp4 file in the directory to be converted automatically
    to jpg file with the same file name as mp4 file such as 03052022_5a9d28723d2da.jpg for the below environment ?

    OS：centos-6 (x86_64)

    ffmpeg version 2.2.2

    Plesk 17.0.17

    [root@server-xxxxxxxx-x ~]# ffmpeg -i                                \
    
  /var/www/vhosts/xxxxx.com/httpdocs/save/03052022_5a9d28723d2da.mp4 \
    
  /var/www/vhosts/xxxxx.com/httpdocs/save/03052022_5a9d28723d2da.jpg

    With ’s/.conf$/.jpg/p’ :

    [root@server-xxxxxx-x ~]# for i in `find /var/www/vhosts/xxxxxx.com/httpdocs/save/ -type f -name "*.mp4"`; do ffmpeg -i $i `echo $i | sed -En 's/.conf$/.jpg/p'`; done

    ffmpeg version 2.2.2 Copyright (c) 2000-2014 the FFmpeg developers
    built on Feb 21 2018 03:03:24 with gcc 4.4.7 (GCC) 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-18)
    configuration :
    libavutil 52. 66.100 / 52. 66.100
    libavcodec 55. 52.102 / 55. 52.102
    libavformat 55. 33.100 / 55. 33.100
    libavdevice 55. 10.100 / 55. 10.100
    libavfilter 4. 2.100 / 4. 2.100
    libswscale 2. 5.102 / 2. 5.102
    libswresample 0. 18.100 / 0. 18.100
    Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from ’/var/www/vhosts/xxxxxx.com/httpdocs/save/03081956_5aa116c836015.mp4’ :
    Metadata :
    major_brand : mp42
    minor_version : 0
    compatible_brands : isommp42
    creation_time : 2018-02-14 04:42:34
    Duration : 00:00:00.83, start : 0.000000, bitrate : 23270 kb/s
    Stream #0:0(eng) : Video : h264 (Baseline) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuvj420p(pc, smpte170m), 1920x1080, 25370 kb/s, SAR 65536:65536 DAR 16:9, 29.73 fps, 30 tbr, 90k tbn, 180k tbc (default)
    Metadata :
    rotate : 90
    creation_time : 2018-02-14 04:42:34
    handler_name : VideoHandle
    Stream #0:1(eng) : Audio : aac (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 96 kb/s (default)
    Metadata :
    creation_time : 2018-02-14 04:42:34
    handler_name : SoundHandle
    At least one output file must be specified
    Conversion failed !

    With "s/.conf$/.jpg/p" :

    [root@server-xxxxxxx-x ~]# for i in `find /var/www/vhosts/xxxxxx.com/httpdocs/save/ -type f -name "*.mp4"`; do ffmpeg -i $i `echo $i | sed -En "s/.conf$/.jpg/p"`; done

    ffmpeg version 2.2.2 Copyright (c) 2000-2014 the FFmpeg developers
    built on Feb 21 2018 03:03:24 with gcc 4.4.7 (GCC) 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-18)
    configuration :
    libavutil 52. 66.100 / 52. 66.100
    libavcodec 55. 52.102 / 55. 52.102
    libavformat 55. 33.100 / 55. 33.100
    libavdevice 55. 10.100 / 55. 10.100
    libavfilter 4. 2.100 / 4. 2.100
    libswscale 2. 5.102 / 2. 5.102
    libswresample 0. 18.100 / 0. 18.100
    Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from ’/var/www/vhosts/xxxxxx.com/httpdocs/save/03081956_5aa116c836015.mp4’ :
    Metadata :
    major_brand : mp42
    minor_version : 0
    compatible_brands : isommp42
    creation_time : 2018-02-14 04:42:34
    Duration : 00:00:00.83, start : 0.000000, bitrate : 23270 kb/s
    Stream #0:0(eng) : Video : h264 (Baseline) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuvj420p(pc, smpte170m), 1920x1080, 25370 kb/s, SAR 65536:65536 DAR 16:9, 29.73 fps, 30 tbr, 90k tbn, 180k tbc (default)
    Metadata :
    rotate : 90
    creation_time : 2018-02-14 04:42:34
    handler_name : VideoHandle
    Stream #0:1(eng) : Audio : aac (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 96 kb/s (default)
    Metadata :
    creation_time : 2018-02-14 04:42:34
    handler_name : SoundHandle
    At least one output file must be specified
    Conversion failed !

    With "s/.mp4$/.jpg/p"

    [root@server-xxxxx-x ~]# for i in `find /var/www/vhosts/xxxxxx.com/httpdocs/save/ -type f -name "*.mp4"`; do ffmpeg -i $i `echo $i | sed -En "s/.mp4$/.jpg/p"`; done

    [image2 @ 0x2c488e0] Could not get frame filename number 2 from pattern ’/var/www/vhosts/xxxxxx.com/httpdocs/save/03100013_5aa2a49bb67bc.jpg’ (either set updatefirst or use a pattern like %03d within the filename pattern)
    av_interleaved_write_frame() : Invalid argument
    frame= 2 fps=0.0 q=3.2 Lsize=N/A time=00:00:00.06 bitrate=N/A
    video:289kB audio:0kB subtitle:0 data:0 global headers:0kB muxing overhead -100.007446%
    Conversion failed !

  • Different PTS values in ffmpeg and MP4 CTS values obtained using ctts and stts

    26 septembre 2023, par userDtrm

    I have been studying PTS values in .mp4 media files. PTS for video stream can be extracted from ffmpeg CLI using

    


    

    ffmpeg -hide_banner -i  -vf "showinfo" -f null -



    


    For a sample .mp4 I have downloaded from the internet shows the following output.

    


    

    Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] config in time_base : 1/30, frame_rate : 30/1
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] config out time_base : 0/0, frame_rate : 0/0
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   0 pts :      0 pts_time:0       pos :    58852 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:1 type:I checksum:49058BA3 plane_checksum :[E852D7DE 07E2B7D4 EA12FBD3] mean :[75 123 124] stdev :[52.7 4.8 11.7]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00]   side data - User Data Unregistered :
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] UUID=dc45e9bd-e6d9-48b7-962c-d820d923eeef
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] User Data=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
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] 
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    Output #0, null, to 'pipe :' :
      Metadata :
        major_brand : mp42
        minor_version : 0
        compatible_brands : mp42mp41isomavc1
        encoder : Lavf59.27.100
      Stream #0:0(und) : Video : wrapped_avframe, yuv420p(tv, bt709, progressive), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=2-31, 200 kb/s, 30 fps, 30 tbn (default)
        Metadata :
          creation_time : 2018-01-23T22:02:00.000000Z
          handler_name : L-SMASH Video Handler
          vendor_id : [0][0][0][0]
          encoder : Lavc59.37.100 wrapped_avframe
      Stream #0:1(und) : Audio : pcm_s16le, 48000 Hz, mono, s16, 768 kb/s (default)
        Metadata :
          creation_time : 2018-01-23T22:02:00.000000Z
          handler_name : L-SMASH Audio Handler
          vendor_id : [0][0][0][0]
          encoder : Lavc59.37.100 pcm_s16le
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   1 pts :      1 pts_time:0.0333333 pos :   149037 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:2005D769 plane_checksum :[92BD4F7B 3501F48D 0CAA9352] mean :[75 124 124] stdev :[52.5 4.7 11.7]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   2 pts :      2 pts_time:0.0666667 pos :   139805 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:09AFB702 plane_checksum :[3E62184D 9D0A0753 8BF09762] mean :[75 124 124] stdev :[52.4 4.6 11.5]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   3 pts :      3 pts_time:0.1     pos :   157017 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:99F05FA9 plane_checksum :[FFA84276 7A3D6D59 0290AFCB] mean :[75 124 124] stdev :[52.2 4.5 11.3]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   4 pts :      4 pts_time:0.133333 pos :   117259 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:P checksum:00935CD8 plane_checksum :[F81E097E 5F17005D B01452FD] mean :[74 124 124] stdev :[52.2 4.5 11.3]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   5 pts :      5 pts_time:0.166667 pos :   197428 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:30E77B4C plane_checksum :[393DAA75 DFA88599 E2164B2F] mean :[74 124 125] stdev :[52.3 4.4 11.0]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   6 pts :      6 pts_time:0.2     pos :   187073 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:BD5C25BC plane_checksum :[CC66DD70 F4ACA5DB 955DA253] mean :[75 124 125] stdev :[52.2 4.4 10.8]



    


    As seen above, the output shows a starting PTS of 0 for 1st frame. However, I was looking at ctts, and stts entries in the MP4 headers with the help of ParseTimingInfoInMp4.py. This shows a different PTS (e.g., 0.0667s) for the 1st frame as seen below.

    


    

    ftyp    size              32
    mvhd    size             108
    iods    size              42
    tkhd    size              92
    edts    size              36
    mdhd    size              32
    Trak type :  b'vide'
    Video Trak Number 0 found
    video track timescale is 30
    mdhd    size              32
    hdlr    size              54
    vmhd    size              20
    dinf    size              36
    stsd    size             195
    stts size  2944  ctts size  2944
    0    dts = 0.0000 s,    pts = 0.0667 s,    diff in ms    66.67
    1    dts = 0.0333 s,    pts = 0.2000 s,    diff in ms    166.67
    2    dts = 0.0667 s,    pts = 0.1333 s,    diff in ms    66.67
    3    dts = 0.1000 s,    pts = 0.1000 s,    diff in ms    0.00
    4    dts = 0.1333 s,    pts = 0.1667 s,    diff in ms    33.33
    5    dts = 0.1667 s,    pts = 0.3333 s,    diff in ms    166.67
    6    dts = 0.2000 s,    pts = 0.2667 s,    diff in ms    66.67
    7    dts = 0.2333 s,    pts = 0.2333 s,    diff in ms    0.00
    8    dts = 0.2667 s,    pts = 0.3000 s,    diff in ms    33.33
    9    dts = 0.3000 s,    pts = 0.4333 s,    diff in ms    133.33
    10    dts = 0.3333 s,    pts = 0.3667 s,    diff in ms    33.33



    


    MP4Analyser shows the following entries for stss, ctts, and edts-> for video track.
stss entries for video track
ctts entries for video track
edts - width='300' height='136' /> elst entry for video track

    


    The sample file I have been using can be found in Sample mp4.

    


    Can someone please help me to understand

    


      

    1. why the PTS values shown in ffmpeg are different from PTS derived from stss and ctts ?

      2. 


    2. What is the correct process in deriving PTS from stts, ctts and edts entries in MP4 header ?

      3. 


    


  • Different PTS values in ffmpeg and MP4 CTS values obtained using ctts and stss

    25 septembre 2023, par userDtrm

    I have been studying PTS values in .mp4 media files. PTS for video stream can be extracted from ffmpeg CLI using

    


    

    ffmpeg -hide_banner -i  -vf "showinfo" -f null -



    


    For a sample .mp4 I have downloaded from the internet shows the following output.

    


    

    Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] config in time_base : 1/30, frame_rate : 30/1
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] config out time_base : 0/0, frame_rate : 0/0
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   0 pts :      0 pts_time:0       pos :    58852 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:1 type:I checksum:49058BA3 plane_checksum :[E852D7DE 07E2B7D4 EA12FBD3] mean :[75 123 124] stdev :[52.7 4.8 11.7]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00]   side data - User Data Unregistered :
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] UUID=dc45e9bd-e6d9-48b7-962c-d820d923eeef
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] User Data=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
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] 
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    Output #0, null, to 'pipe :' :
      Metadata :
        major_brand : mp42
        minor_version : 0
        compatible_brands : mp42mp41isomavc1
        encoder : Lavf59.27.100
      Stream #0:0(und) : Video : wrapped_avframe, yuv420p(tv, bt709, progressive), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], q=2-31, 200 kb/s, 30 fps, 30 tbn (default)
        Metadata :
          creation_time : 2018-01-23T22:02:00.000000Z
          handler_name : L-SMASH Video Handler
          vendor_id : [0][0][0][0]
          encoder : Lavc59.37.100 wrapped_avframe
      Stream #0:1(und) : Audio : pcm_s16le, 48000 Hz, mono, s16, 768 kb/s (default)
        Metadata :
          creation_time : 2018-01-23T22:02:00.000000Z
          handler_name : L-SMASH Audio Handler
          vendor_id : [0][0][0][0]
          encoder : Lavc59.37.100 pcm_s16le
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   1 pts :      1 pts_time:0.0333333 pos :   149037 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:2005D769 plane_checksum :[92BD4F7B 3501F48D 0CAA9352] mean :[75 124 124] stdev :[52.5 4.7 11.7]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   2 pts :      2 pts_time:0.0666667 pos :   139805 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:09AFB702 plane_checksum :[3E62184D 9D0A0753 8BF09762] mean :[75 124 124] stdev :[52.4 4.6 11.5]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   3 pts :      3 pts_time:0.1     pos :   157017 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:99F05FA9 plane_checksum :[FFA84276 7A3D6D59 0290AFCB] mean :[75 124 124] stdev :[52.2 4.5 11.3]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   4 pts :      4 pts_time:0.133333 pos :   117259 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:P checksum:00935CD8 plane_checksum :[F81E097E 5F17005D B01452FD] mean :[74 124 124] stdev :[52.2 4.5 11.3]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   5 pts :      5 pts_time:0.166667 pos :   197428 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:30E77B4C plane_checksum :[393DAA75 DFA88599 E2164B2F] mean :[74 124 125] stdev :[52.3 4.4 11.0]
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] color_range:tv color_space:bt709 color_primaries:bt709 color_trc:bt709
    [Parsed_showinfo_0 @ 0x3741c00] n :   6 pts :      6 pts_time:0.2     pos :   187073 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 s:1920x1080 i:P iskey:0 type:B checksum:BD5C25BC plane_checksum :[CC66DD70 F4ACA5DB 955DA253] mean :[75 124 125] stdev :[52.2 4.4 10.8]



    


    As seen above, the output shows a starting PTS of 0 for 1st frame. However, I was looking at ctts, and stss entries in the MP4 headers with the help of ParseTimingInfoInMp4.py. This shows a different PTS (e.g., 0.0667s) for the 1st frame as seen below.

    


    

    ftyp    size              32
    mvhd    size             108
    iods    size              42
    tkhd    size              92
    edts    size              36
    mdhd    size              32
    Trak type :  b'vide'
    Video Trak Number 0 found
    video track timescale is 30
    mdhd    size              32
    hdlr    size              54
    vmhd    size              20
    dinf    size              36
    stsd    size             195
    stts size  2944  ctts size  2944
    0    dts = 0.0000 s,    pts = 0.0667 s,    diff in ms    66.67
    1    dts = 0.0333 s,    pts = 0.2000 s,    diff in ms    166.67
    2    dts = 0.0667 s,    pts = 0.1333 s,    diff in ms    66.67
    3    dts = 0.1000 s,    pts = 0.1000 s,    diff in ms    0.00
    4    dts = 0.1333 s,    pts = 0.1667 s,    diff in ms    33.33
    5    dts = 0.1667 s,    pts = 0.3333 s,    diff in ms    166.67
    6    dts = 0.2000 s,    pts = 0.2667 s,    diff in ms    66.67
    7    dts = 0.2333 s,    pts = 0.2333 s,    diff in ms    0.00
    8    dts = 0.2667 s,    pts = 0.3000 s,    diff in ms    33.33
    9    dts = 0.3000 s,    pts = 0.4333 s,    diff in ms    133.33
    10    dts = 0.3333 s,    pts = 0.3667 s,    diff in ms    33.33



    


    MP4Analyser shows the following entries for stss, ctts, and edts-> for video track.
stss entries for video track
ctts entries for video track
edts - width='300' height='136' /> elst entry for video track

    


    The sample file I have been using can be found in Sample mp4.

    


    Can someone please help me to understand

    


      

    1. why the PTS values shown in ffmpeg are different from PTS derived from stss and ctts ?

      2. 


    2. What is the correct process in deriving PTS from stss, ctts and edts entries in MP4 header ?

      3. 


    


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