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• Visualizing Call Graphs Using Gephi

  1er septembre 2014, par Multimedia Mike — General

  When I was at university studying computer science, I took a basic chemistry course. During an accompanying lab, the teaching assistant chatted me up and asked about my major. He then said, “Computer science ? Well, that’s just typing stuff, right ?”

  My impulsive retort : “Sure, and chemistry is just about mixing together liquids and coming up with different colored liquids, as seen on the cover of my high school chemistry textbook, right ?”

  
  
  

  In fact, pure computer science has precious little to do with typing (as is joked in CS circles, computer science is about computers in the same way that astronomy is about telescopes). However, people who study computer science often pursue careers as programmers, or to put it in fancier professional language, software engineers.

  So, what’s a software engineer’s job ? Isn’t it just typing ? That’s where I’ve been going with this overly long setup. After thinking about it for long enough, I like to say that a software engineer’s trade is managing complexity.

  A few years ago, I discovered Gephi, an open source tool for graph and data visualization. It looked neat but I didn’t have much use for it at the time. Recently, however, I was trying to get a better handle on a large codebase. I.e., I was trying to manage the project’s complexity. And then I thought of Gephi again.

  Prior Work
  One way to get a grip on a large C codebase is to instrument it for profiling and extract details from the profiler. On Linux systems, this means compiling and linking the code using the -pg flag. After running the executable, there will be a gmon.out file which is post-processed using the gprof command.

  GNU software development tools have a reputation for being rather powerful and flexible, but also extremely raw. This first hit home when I was learning how to use the GNU tool for code coverage — gcov — and the way it outputs very raw data that you need to massage with other tools in order to get really useful intelligence.

  And so it is with gprof output. The output gives you a list of functions sorted by the amount of processing time spent in each. Then it gives you a flattened call tree. This is arranged as “during the profiled executions, function c was called by functions a and b and called functions d, e, and f ; function d was called by function c and called functions g and h”.

  How can this call tree data be represented in a more instructive manner that is easier to navigate ? My first impulse (and I don’t think I’m alone in this) is to convert the gprof call tree into a representation suitable for interpretation by Graphviz. Unfortunately, doing so tends to generate some enormous and unwieldy static images.

  Feeding gprof Data To Gephi
  I learned of Gephi a few years ago and recalled it when I developed an interest in gaining better perspective on a large base of alien C code. To understand what this codebase is doing for a particular use case, instrument it with gprof, gather execution data, and then study the code paths.

  How could I feed the gprof data into Gephi ? Gephi supports numerous graphing formats including an XML-based format named GEXF.

  Thus, the challenge becomes converting gprof output to GEXF.

  Which I did.

  Demonstration
  I have been absent from FFmpeg development for a long time, which is a pity because a lot of interesting development has occurred over the last 2-3 years after a troubling period of stagnation. I know that 2 big video codec developments have been HEVC (next in the line of MPEG codecs) and VP9 (heir to VP8’s throne). FFmpeg implements them both now.

  I decided I wanted to study the code flow of VP9. So I got the latest FFmpeg code from git and built it using the options "--extra-cflags=-pg --extra-ldflags=-pg". Annoyingly, I also needed to specify "--disable-asm" because gcc complains of some register allocation snafus when compiling inline ASM in profiling mode (and this is on x86_64). No matter ; ASM isn’t necessary for understanding overall code flow.

  After compiling, the binary ‘ffmpeg_g’ will have symbols and be instrumented for profiling. I grabbed a sample from this VP9 test vector set and went to work.

  ./ffmpeg_g -i vp90-2-00-quantizer-00.webm -f null /dev/null
  gprof ./ffmpeg_g > vp9decode.txt
  convert-gprof-to-gexf.py vp9decode.txt > /bigdisk/vp9decode.gexf
  

  Gephi loads vp9decode.gexf with no problem. Using Gephi, however, can be a bit challenging if one is not versed in any data exploration jargon. I recommend this Gephi getting starting guide in slide deck form. Here’s what the default graph looks like :

  
  
  

  Not very pretty or helpful. BTW, that beefy arrow running from mid-top to lower-right is the call from decode_coeffs_b -> iwht_iwht_4x4_add_c. There were 18774 from the former to the latter in this execution. Right now, the edge thicknesses correlate to number of calls between the nodes, which I’m not sure is the best representation.

  Following the tutorial slide deck, I at least learned how to enable the node labels (function symbols in this case) and apply a layout algorithm. The tutorial shows the force atlas layout. Here’s what the node neighborhood looks like for probing file type :

  
  
  

  Okay, so that’s not especially surprising– avprobe_input_format3 calls all of the *_probe functions in order to automatically determine input type. Let’s find that decode_coeffs_b function and see what its neighborhood looks like :

  
  
  

  That’s not very useful. Perhaps another algorithm might help. I select the Fruchterman–Reingold algorithm instead and get a slightly more coherent representation of the decoding node neighborhood :

  
  
  

  Further Work
  Obviously, I’m just getting started with this data exploration topic. One thing I would really appreciate in such a tool is the ability to interactively travel the graph since that’s what I’m really hoping to get out of this experiment– watching the code flows.

  Perhaps someone else can find better use cases for visualizing call graph data. Thus, I have published the source code for this tool at Github.

• m3u8-segmenter not compiling

  15 novembre 2012, par Publiccert

  root@ip-**-**-**-**:/home/jeff/m3u8-segmenter# ./configure
  
  checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
  
  checking whether build environment is sane... yes
  
  checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /bin/mkdir -p
  
  checking for gawk... no
  
  checking for mawk... mawk
  
  checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
  
  checking for gcc... gcc
  
  checking whether the C compiler works... yes
  
  checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
  
  checking for suffix of executables...
  
  checking whether we are cross compiling... no
  
  checking for suffix of object files... o
  
  checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
  
  checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
  
  checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
  
  checking for style of include used by make... GNU
  
  checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
  
  checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... (cached) yes
  
  checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
  
  checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /bin/grep
  
  checking for egrep... /bin/grep -E
  
  checking for ANSI C header files... yes
  
  checking for sys/types.h... yes
  
  checking for sys/stat.h... yes
  
  checking for stdlib.h... yes
  
  checking for string.h... yes
  
  checking for memory.h... yes
  
  checking for strings.h... yes
  
  checking for inttypes.h... yes
  
  checking for stdint.h... yes
  
  checking for unistd.h... yes
  
  checking for sys/types.h... (cached) yes
  
  checking signal.h usability... yes
  
  checking signal.h presence... yes
  
  checking for signal.h... yes
  
  checking getopt.h usability... yes
  
  checking getopt.h presence... yes
  
  checking for getopt.h... yes
  
  checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
  
  checking for GNU libc compatible malloc... yes
  
  checking for memmove... yes
  
  checking for memset... yes
  
  checking for strrchr... yes
  
  checking for strtol... yes
  
  ./configure: line 4160: PKG_PROG: command not found
  
  ./configure: line 4161: syntax error near unexpected token `FFMPEG,'
  
  ./configure: line 4161: `PKG_CHECK_MODULES(FFMPEG, libavformat libavcodec libavutil)'

  All my dependencies are in place, including FFMPEG, PKG_PROG, etc but I'm getting these errors and at a loss. Any ideas ?

• unable to create flv file from 3gp using ffmpeg php

  25 septembre 2012, par Naeem

  i am using the following code but it is not generating the flv file, other code is working fine if i convert mp4 to flv, following is my code.

   define('FFMPEG','/usr/local/bin/ffmpeg');
  
   $src='/home/zimmapp/public_html/images/video/video_3465733831.3gp';
  
   $destination='/home/zimmapp/public_html/images/video/naeem.flv';
  
  
  
  //i  user this code
  
  exec(FFMPEG . " -i $src  -sameq -ar 22050 -ab 96000 -deinterlace -nr 500 -s 320x240 -aspect 4:3 -r 20 -g 500 -me_range 20 -b 270k -deinterlace -f flv -y $destination");
  
  //OR this 
  
  exec( FFMPEG ." -i $src -ar 22050 -ab 32 -f flv -s 320×240 $destination") or print "Convert Error";

  BUT Nothing working
  my website support gave me this error report :

  server I found this error:Seems stream 0 codec frame rate differs from container frame rate : 180000.00
  (180000/1) -> 90000.00 (180000/2) Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from
  '/home/zimmapp/public_html/images/video/1347616191-2.3gp' : Metadata :
  major_brand : isom minor_version : 0 compatible_brands : isom3gp4 creation_time
   : 2012-09-06 07:02:00 Duration : 00:00:02.32, start : 0.000000, bitrate : 9769 kb/s Stream #0.0(eng) : Video : h264, yuv420p, 1280x720, 11834 kb/s, 29.58 fps, 90k tbr, 90k tbn, 180k tbc Metadata : creation_time : 2012-09-06 07:02:00 Stream #0.1(eng) : Audio : aac, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 126 kb/s Metadata :
  creation_time : 2012-09-06 07:02:00 Unable to find a suitable output format for ' -sameq'