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• File (mp3) concatenation issues using FFmpeg

  17 novembre 2020, par Giorgio Robino

  I want to concatenate some MP3 files using the FFmpeg concatenation protocol.

  


  Here is a successful try :

  


  $ ffmpeg -loglevel panic -i "concat:audio/it/ci.mp3|audio/it/èsse.mp3|audio/it/cu.mp3|audio/it/u.mp3|audio/it/tre.mp3|audio/it/zero.mp3|audio/it/cinque.mp3|audio/it/quattro.mp3|audio/it/tre.mp3|audio/it/otto.mp3|audio/it/tre.mp3" -c copy audio/it/CSQU3054383.mp3 -y

$ ll audio/it/CSQU3054383.mp3
-rw-rw-r-- 1 giorgio 26K Nov  9 16:16 audio/it/CSQU3054383.mp3


  


  So far, all is OK !

  


  BTW, all (Mp3) files have the same codecs, so MP3 FFmpeg concatenation protocol runs as expected !

  


  ---

  


  Now, I want to insert a pause file audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3, between each previous files :

  


  $ ffmpeg -loglevel panic -i "concat:audio/it/ci.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/èsse.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/cu.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/u.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/tre.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/zero.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/cinque.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/quattro.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/tre.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/otto.mp3|audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3|audio/it/tre.mp3" -c copy audio/it/CSQU3054383.mp3 -y
$


  


  This command run apparently without any error, but the output file (audio/it/CSQU3054383.mp3) is not generated at all.

  


  **Question 1 (minor) :
  

  


  Why doesn't FFmpeg report any error and doesn't generate the expected output ?**

  


  In fact, I already experienced that FFmpeg, in some circumstances, fails without saying why :(

  


  ---

  


  I suspect the problem happens because the file audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3 doesn't have a constant bit rate (CBR), as other files, e.g. :

  


  $ mediainfo  audio/it/ci.mp3
General
Complete name                            : audio/it/ci.mp3
Format                                   : MPEG Audio
File size                                : 2.06 KiB
Duration                                 : 528 ms
Overall bit rate mode                    : Constant
Overall bit rate                         : 32.0 kb/s

Audio
Format                                   : MPEG Audio
Format version                           : Version 2
Format profile                           : Layer 3
Duration                                 : 528 ms
Bit rate mode                            : Constant
Bit rate                                 : 32.0 kb/s
Channel(s)                               : 1 channel
Sampling rate                            : 24.0 kHz
Frame rate                               : 41.667 FPS (576 SPF)
Compression mode                         : Lossy
Stream size                              : 2.06 KiB (100%)

$ ffprobe audio/it/ci.mp3
ffprobe version 3.4.8-0ubuntu0.2 Copyright (c) 2007-2020 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 7 (Ubuntu 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04)
  configuration: --prefix=/usr --extra-version=0ubuntu0.2 --toolchain=hardened --libdir=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu --incdir=/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu --enable-gpl --disable-stripping --enable-avresample --enable-avisynth --enable-gnutls --enable-ladspa --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libbs2b --enable-libcaca --enable-libcdio --enable-libflite --enable-libfontconfig --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgme --enable-libgsm --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libmysofa --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-librubberband --enable-librsvg --enable-libshine --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwavpack --enable-libwebp --enable-libx265 --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzmq --enable-libzvbi --enable-omx --enable-openal --enable-opengl --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdc1394 --enable-libdrm --enable-libiec61883 --enable-chromaprint --enable-frei0r --enable-libopencv --enable-libx264 --enable-shared
  libavutil      55. 78.100 / 55. 78.100
  libavcodec     57.107.100 / 57.107.100
  libavformat    57. 83.100 / 57. 83.100
  libavdevice    57. 10.100 / 57. 10.100
  libavfilter     6.107.100 /  6.107.100
  libavresample   3.  7.  0 /  3.  7.  0
  libswscale      4.  8.100 /  4.  8.100
  libswresample   2.  9.100 /  2.  9.100
  libpostproc    54.  7.100 / 54.  7.100
[mp3 @ 0x564491288080] Estimating duration from bitrate, this may be inaccurate
Input #0, mp3, from 'audio/it/ci.mp3':
  Duration: 00:00:00.53, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 32 kb/s
    Stream #0:0: Audio: mp3, 24000 Hz, mono, s16p, 32 kb/s



  


  Instead, the inserted pause file has a variable bit rate, as mediainfo states :

  


  $ mediainfo audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3
General
Complete name                            : audio/it/PAUSE_2.mp3
Format                                   : MPEG Audio
File size                                : 8.29 KiB
Overall bit rate mode                    : Variable
Writing library                          : LAME3.100

Audio
Format                                   : MPEG Audio
Format version                           : Version 2
Format profile                           : Layer 3
Bit rate mode                            : Variable
Channel(s)                               : 1 channel
Sampling rate                            : 24.0 kHz
Compression mode                         : Lossy
Stream size                              : 8.06 KiB (97%)
Writing library                          : LAME3.100


  


  Here my Bash script I used to generate the pause :

  


  $ cat com/pause&#xA;#!/bin/bash&#xA;&#xA;# https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-filters.html#toc-anullsrc&#xA;# https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-utils.html#toc-Examples-1&#xA;&#xA;if [ $# -eq 0 ]&#xA;  then&#xA;    echo&#xA;    echo "create a pause, a silence audio file (MP3) of specified number of milliseconds"&#xA;    echo&#xA;    echo "usage: $0 <time duration="duration"> <directory path="path">"&#xA;    echo&#xA;    echo "example: $0 2"&#xA;    echo "example: $0 0.5 tmp/"&#xA;    echo&#xA;    exit&#xA;fi&#xA;&#xA;timeDuration=$1&#xA;directoryPath=$2&#xA;&#xA;suffix=mp3&#xA;&#xA;# https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Limiting%20the%20output%20bitrate&#xA;#https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Encode/MP3&#xA;bitrate=32k&#xA;samplingRate=24000&#xA;outputFile="${directoryPath}PAUSE_${timeDuration}.${suffix}"&#xA;&#xA;  #-b:a $bitrate -minrate $bitrate -maxrate $bitrate -bufsize $bitrate \&#xA;ffmpeg \&#xA;  -f lavfi \&#xA;  -i anullsrc=r=$samplingRate:cl=mono \&#xA;  -t $timeDuration \&#xA;  -b:a $bitrate -minrate $bitrate -maxrate $bitrate \&#xA;  -codec:a libmp3lame \&#xA;  $outputFile -y&#xA;&#xA;echo&#xA;echo "created file: $outputFile"&#xA;echo&#xA;&#xA;</directory></time>

  


  Unfortunately, the created file seems with a variable bit rate and not with a constant bit rate (CBR), as expected ( -b:a ... ) :

  


  $ com/pause 2
ffmpeg version 3.4.8-0ubuntu0.2 Copyright (c) 2000-2020 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 7 (Ubuntu 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04)
  configuration: --prefix=/usr --extra-version=0ubuntu0.2 --toolchain=hardened --libdir=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu --incdir=/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu --enable-gpl --disable-stripping --enable-avresample --enable-avisynth --enable-gnutls --enable-ladspa --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libbs2b --enable-libcaca --enable-libcdio --enable-libflite --enable-libfontconfig --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgme --enable-libgsm --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libmysofa --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-librubberband --enable-librsvg --enable-libshine --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwavpack --enable-libwebp --enable-libx265 --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzmq --enable-libzvbi --enable-omx --enable-openal --enable-opengl --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdc1394 --enable-libdrm --enable-libiec61883 --enable-chromaprint --enable-frei0r --enable-libopencv --enable-libx264 --enable-shared
  libavutil      55. 78.100 / 55. 78.100
  libavcodec     57.107.100 / 57.107.100
  libavformat    57. 83.100 / 57. 83.100
  libavdevice    57. 10.100 / 57. 10.100
  libavfilter     6.107.100 /  6.107.100
  libavresample   3.  7.  0 /  3.  7.  0
  libswscale      4.  8.100 /  4.  8.100
  libswresample   2.  9.100 /  2.  9.100
  libpostproc    54.  7.100 / 54.  7.100
Input #0, lavfi, from 'anullsrc=r=24000:cl=mono':
  Duration: N/A, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 192 kb/s
    Stream #0:0: Audio: pcm_u8, 24000 Hz, mono, u8, 192 kb/s
Stream mapping:
  Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (pcm_u8 (native) -> mp3 (libmp3lame))
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
Output #0, mp3, to 'PAUSE_2.mp3':
  Metadata:
    TSSE            : Lavf57.83.100
    Stream #0:0: Audio: mp3 (libmp3lame), 24000 Hz, mono, s16p, 32 kb/s
    Metadata:
      encoder         : Lavc57.107.100 libmp3lame
size=       8kB time=00:00:02.01 bitrate=  33.7kbits/s speed= 192x
video:0kB audio:8kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 2.870640%

created file: PAUSE_2.mp3


  


  Question 2 :

  


  What's wrong in my Bash script (why doesn't it generate a CBR file ?
How can I generate an silence pause file (silence of N milliseconds) with the exact settings of previous files ?

  


• ffmpeg / avconv Unrecognized option 'target=vcd'

  2 février 2023, par Paul Neuwirth

  I get following error

  


  Unrecognized option 'target=vcd'.
Error splitting the argument list: Option not found


  


  running

  


  ffmpeg -i input.ts -target=vcd output.mpg


  


  or

  


  avconv -i input.ts -target=vcd output.mpg


  


  (or any other target like "pal-dvd", like stated in the man-file)

  


  version info ffmpeg :

  


  


  ffmpeg version 4.4 Copyright (c) 2000-2021 the FFmpeg developers
built with gcc 7 (SUSE Linux)
configuration : —prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64 —shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —disable-htmlpages —enable-pic —disable-stripping —enable-shared —disable-static —enable-gpl —enable-version3 —disable-openssl —enable-avresample —enable-gnutls —enable-ladspa —enable-libass —enable-libbluray —enable-libbs2b —enable-libcelt —enable-libcdio —enable-libdav1d —enable-libdc1394 —enable-libdrm —enable-libfontconfig —enable-libfreetype —enable-libfribidi —enable-libgsm —enable-libjack —enable-libmp3lame —enable-libopenjpeg —enable-libopenmpt —enable-libopus —enable-libpulse —enable-libspeex —enable-libssh —enable-libtheora —enable-libtwolame —enable-libvidstab —enable-libvmaf —enable-libvorbis —enable-libv4l2 —enable-libvpx —enable-libwebp —enable-libxml2 —enable-libzimg —enable-libzvbi —enable-libmfx —enable-vaapi —enable-vdpau —enable-version3 —enable-libfdk-aac-dlopen —enable-nonfree —enable-libvo-amrwbenc —enable-libx264 —enable-libx265 —enable-librtmp —enable-libxvid
libavutil 56. 70.100 / 56. 70.100
libavcodec 58.134.100 / 58.134.100
libavformat 58. 76.100 / 58. 76.100
libavdevice 58. 13.100 / 58. 13.100
libavfilter 7.110.100 / 7.110.100
libavresample 4. 0. 0 / 4. 0. 0
libswscale 5. 9.100 / 5. 9.100
libswresample 3. 9.100 / 3. 9.100
libpostproc 55. 9.100 / 55. 9.100

  


  


  version info avconv

  


  


  avconv version 12.3, Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the Libav developers
  
built on Mar 26 2018 12:39 with gcc 7 (SUSE Linux) configuration :
—prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64 —shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —incdir=/usr/include/libav —enable-pic —disable-yasm WARNING : library configuration mismatch avutil configuration :
—prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64 —shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —disable-htmlpages —enable-pic —disable-stripping —enable-shared —disable-static —enable-gpl —disable-openssl —enable-avresample —enable-libcdio —enable-gnutls —enable-ladspa —enable-libass —enable-libbluray —enable-libcelt —enable-libcdio —enable-libdc1394 —enable-libfreetype —enable-libgsm —enable-libmp3lame —enable-libopenjpeg —enable-libopus —enable-libpulse —enable-libspeex —enable-libtheora —enable-libtwolame —enable-libvidstab —enable-libvorbis —enable-libvpx —enable-libwebp —enable-libzimg —enable-libzvbi —enable-vaapi —enable-vdpau —enable-libopencore-amrnb —enable-libopencore-amrwb —enable-version3 —enable-libx264 —enable-libx265 —enable-libxvid avcodec configuration : —prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64
—shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —disable-htmlpages —enable-pic —disable-stripping —enable-shared —disable-static —enable-gpl —disable-openssl —enable-avresample —enable-libcdio —enable-gnutls —enable-ladspa —enable-libass —enable-libbluray —enable-libcelt —enable-libcdio —enable-libdc1394 —enable-libfreetype —enable-libgsm —enable-libmp3lame —enable-libopenjpeg —enable-libopus —enable-libpulse —enable-libspeex —enable-libtheora —enable-libtwolame —enable-libvidstab —enable-libvorbis —enable-libvpx —enable-libwebp —enable-libzimg —enable-libzvbi —enable-vaapi —enable-vdpau —enable-libopencore-amrnb —enable-libopencore-amrwb —enable-version3 —enable-libx264 —enable-libx265 —enable-libxvid avformat configuration : —prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64 —shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —disable-htmlpages —enable-pic —disable-stripping —enable-shared —disable-static —enable-gpl —disable-openssl —enable-avresample —enable-libcdio —enable-gnutls —enable-ladspa —enable-libass —enable-libbluray —enable-libcelt —enable-libcdio —enable-libdc1394 —enable-libfreetype —enable-libgsm —enable-libmp3lame —enable-libopenjpeg —enable-libopus —enable-libpulse —enable-libspeex —enable-libtheora —enable-libtwolame —enable-libvidstab —enable-libvorbis —enable-libvpx —enable-libwebp —enable-libzimg —enable-libzvbi —enable-vaapi —enable-vdpau —enable-libopencore-amrnb —enable-libopencore-amrwb —enable-version3 —enable-libx264 —enable-libx265 —enable-libxvid avdevice configuration : —prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64
—shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —disable-htmlpages —enable-pic —disable-stripping —enable-shared —disable-static —enable-gpl —disable-openssl —enable-avresample —enable-libcdio —enable-gnutls —enable-ladspa —enable-libass —enable-libbluray —enable-libcelt —enable-libcdio —enable-libdc1394 —enable-libfreetype —enable-libgsm —enable-libmp3lame —enable-libopenjpeg —enable-libopus —enable-libpulse —enable-libspeex —enable-libtheora —enable-libtwolame —enable-libvidstab —enable-libvorbis —enable-libvpx —enable-libwebp —enable-libzimg —enable-libzvbi —enable-vaapi —enable-vdpau —enable-libopencore-amrnb —enable-libopencore-amrwb —enable-version3 —enable-libx264 —enable-libx265 —enable-libxvid avfilter configuration : —prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64 —shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —disable-htmlpages —enable-pic —disable-stripping —enable-shared —disable-static —enable-gpl —disable-openssl —enable-avresample —enable-libcdio —enable-gnutls —enable-ladspa —enable-libass —enable-libbluray —enable-libcelt —enable-libcdio —enable-libdc1394 —enable-libfreetype —enable-libgsm —enable-libmp3lame —enable-libopenjpeg —enable-libopus —enable-libpulse —enable-libspeex —enable-libtheora —enable-libtwolame —enable-libvidstab —enable-libvorbis —enable-libvpx —enable-libwebp —enable-libzimg —enable-libzvbi —enable-vaapi —enable-vdpau —enable-libopencore-amrnb —enable-libopencore-amrwb —enable-version3 —enable-libx264 —enable-libx265 —enable-libxvid avresample configuration : —prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64
—shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —disable-htmlpages —enable-pic —disable-stripping —enable-shared —disable-static —enable-gpl —disable-openssl —enable-avresample —enable-libcdio —enable-gnutls —enable-ladspa —enable-libass —enable-libbluray —enable-libcelt —enable-libcdio —enable-libdc1394 —enable-libfreetype —enable-libgsm —enable-libmp3lame —enable-libopenjpeg —enable-libopus —enable-libpulse —enable-libspeex —enable-libtheora —enable-libtwolame —enable-libvidstab —enable-libvorbis —enable-libvpx —enable-libwebp —enable-libzimg —enable-libzvbi —enable-vaapi —enable-vdpau —enable-libopencore-amrnb —enable-libopencore-amrwb —enable-version3 —enable-libx264 —enable-libx265 —enable-libxvid swscale configuration : —prefix=/usr —libdir=/usr/lib64 —shlibdir=/usr/lib64 —incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg —extra-cflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —optflags='-fmessage-length=0 -grecord-gcc-switches -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector-strong -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-clash-protection -g' —disable-htmlpages —enable-pic —disable-stripping —enable-shared —disable-static —enable-gpl —disable-openssl —enable-avresample —enable-libcdio —enable-gnutls —enable-ladspa —enable-libass —enable-libbluray —enable-libcelt —enable-libcdio —enable-libdc1394 —enable-libfreetype —enable-libgsm —enable-libmp3lame —enable-libopenjpeg —enable-libopus —enable-libpulse —enable-libspeex —enable-libtheora —enable-libtwolame —enable-libvidstab —enable-libvorbis —enable-libvpx —enable-libwebp —enable-libzimg —enable-libzvbi —enable-vaapi —enable-vdpau —enable-libopencore-amrnb —enable-libopencore-amrwb —enable-version3 —enable-libx264 —enable-libx265 —enable-libxvid libavutil 55. 78.100 / 55. 78.100 libavcodec 57.107.100 /
57.107.100 libavformat 57. 83.100 / 57. 83.100 libavdevice 57. 10.100 / 57. 10.100 libavfilter 6.107.100 / 6.107.100 libavresample 3. 7. 0 / 3. 7. 0 libswscale 4. 8.100 / 4.
8.100

  


  


  despite solving the problem, I'd be happy with any other solution to compress video to pal-dvd or pal-vcd standard

  


  I tried re-encoding a mpeg-2 video using avconv and/or ffmpeg to target pal-dvd or pal-vcd or even just vcd or dvd.
manpage states option -target as main option :

  


  


      -target type (output)


  


  Specify target file type ("vcd", "svcd", "dvd", "dv", "dv50"). type may be prefixed with "pal-", "ntsc-" or "film-" to use the corresponding standard. All the format options
(bitrate, codecs, buffer sizes) are then set automatically. You can just type :

  


  avconv -i myfile.avi -target vcd /tmp/vcd.mpg

  


  Nevertheless you can specify additional options as long as you know they do not conflict with the standard, as in :

  


  avconv -i myfile.avi -target vcd -bf 2 /tmp/vcd.mpg

  


  


• Data Privacy in Business : A Risk Leading to Major Opportunities

  9 août 2022, par Erin — Privacy

  Data privacy in business is a contentious issue. 

  Claims that “big data is the new oil of the digital economy” and strong links between “data-driven personalisation and customer experience” encourage leaders to set up massive data collection programmes.

  However, many of these conversations downplay the magnitude of security, compliance and ethical risks companies face when betting too much on customer data collection. 

  In this post, we discuss the double-edged nature of privacy issues in business — the risk-ridden and the opportunity-driven. ​​

  3 Major Risks of Ignoring Data Privacy in Business

  As the old adage goes : Just because everyone else is doing it doesn’t make it right.

  Easy data accessibility and ubiquity of analytics tools make data consumer collection and processing sound like a “given”. But the decision to do so opens your business to a spectrum of risks. 

  1. Compliance and Legal Risks 

  Data collection and customer privacy are protected by a host of international laws including GDPR, CCPA, and regional regulations. Only 15% of countries (mostly developing ones) don’t have dedicated laws for protecting consumer privacy. 

  

  Global legislature includes provisions on : 

  • Collectible data types
  • Allowed uses of obtained data 
  • Consent to data collection and online tracking 
  • Rights to request data removal 

  Personally identifiable information (PII) processing is prohibited or strictly regulated in most jurisdictions. Yet businesses repeatedly circumnavigate existing rules and break them on occasion.

  In Australia, for example, only 2% of brands use logos, icons or messages to transparently call out online tracking, data sharing or other specific uses of data at the sign-up stage. In Europe, around half of small businesses are still not fully GDPR-compliant — and Big Tech companies like Google, Amazon and Facebook can’t get a grip on their data collection practices even when pressed with horrendous fines. 

  Although the media mostly reports on compliance fines for “big names”, smaller businesses are increasingly receiving more scrutiny. 

  As Max Schrems, an Austrian privacy activist and founder of noyb NGO, explained in a Matomo webinar :

  “In Austria, my home country, there are a lot of €5,000 fines going out there as well [to smaller businesses]. Most of the time, they are just not reported. They just happen below the surface. [GDPR fines] are already a reality.”​

  In April 2022, the EU Court of Justice ruled that consumer groups can autonomously sue businesses for breaches of data protection — and nonprofit organisations like noyb enable more people to do so. 

  Finally, new data privacy legislation is underway across the globe. In the US, Colorado, Connecticut, Virginia and Utah have data protection acts at different stages of approval. South African authorities are working on the Protection of Personal Information Act (POPI) act and Brazil is working on a local General Data Protection Law (LGPD).

  Re-thinking your stance on user privacy and data protection now can significantly reduce the compliance burden in the future. 

  2. Security Risks 

  Data collection also mandates data protection for businesses. Yet, many organisations focus on the former and forget about the latter. 

  Lenient attitudes to consumer data protection resulted in a major spike in data breaches.

  Check Point research found that cyberattacks increased 50% year-over-year, with each organisation facing 925 cyberattacks per week globally.

  Many of these attacks end up being successful due to poor data security in place. As a result, billions of stolen consumer records become publicly available or get sold on dark web marketplaces.

  What’s even more troublesome is that stolen consumer records are often purchased by marketing firms or companies, specialising in spam campaigns. Buyers can also use stolen emails to distribute malware, stage phishing and other social engineering attacks – and harvest even more data for sale. 

  One business’s negligence creates a snowball effect of negative changes down the line with customers carrying the brunt of it all. 

  In 2020, hackers successfully targeted a Finnish psychotherapy practice. They managed to steal hundreds of patient records — and then demanded a ransom both from the firm and its patients for not exposing information about their mental health issues. Many patients refused to pay hackers and some 300 records ended up being posted online as Associated Press reported.

  Not only did the practice have to deal with the cyber-breach aftermath, but it also faced vocal regulatory and patient criticisms for failing to properly protect such sensitive information.

  Security negligence can carry both direct (heavy data breach fines) and indirect losses in the form of reputational damages. An overwhelming 90% of consumers say they wouldn’t buy from a business if it doesn’t adequately protect their data. This brings us to the last point. 

  3. Reputational Risks 

  Trust is the new currency. Data negligence and consumer privacy violations are the two fastest ways to lose it. 

  Globally, consumers are concerned about how businesses collect, use, and protect their data. 

  

  • According to Forrester, 47% of UK adults actively limit the amount of data they share with websites and apps. 49% of Italians express willingness to ask companies to delete their personal data. 36% of Germans use privacy and security tools to minimise online tracking of their activities. 
  • A GDMA survey also notes that globally, 82% of consumers want more control over their personal information, shared with companies. 77% also expect brands to be transparent about how their data is collected and used. 

  When businesses fail to hold their end of the bargain — collect just the right amount of data and use it with integrity — consumers are fast to cut ties. 

  Once the information about privacy violations becomes public, companies lose : 

  • Brand equity 
  • Market share 
  • Competitive positioning 

  An AON report estimates that post-data breach companies can lose as much as 25% of their initial value. In some cases, the losses can be even higher. 

  In 2015, British telecom TalkTalk suffered from a major data breach. Over 150,000 customer records were stolen by hackers. To contain the issue, TalkTalk had to throw between $60-$70 million into containment efforts. Still, they lost over 100,000 customers in a matter of months and one-third of their company value, equivalent to $1.4 billion, by the end of the year. 

  Fresher data from Infosys gives the following maximum cost estimates of brand damage, companies could experience after a data breach (accidental or malicious).

  

  3 Major Advantages of Privacy in Business 

  Despite all the industry mishaps, a reassuring 77% of CEOs now recognise that their companies must fundamentally change their approaches to customer engagement, in particular when it comes to ensuring data privacy. 

  Many organisations take proactive steps to cultivate a privacy-centred culture and implement transparent data collection policies. 

  Here’s why gaining the “privacy advantage” pays off.

  1. Market Competitiveness 

  There’s a reason why privacy-focused companies are booming. 

  Consumers’ mounting concerns and frustrations over the lack of online privacy, prompt many to look for alternative privacy-centred products and services. 

  The following B2C and B2B products are moving from the industry margins to the mainstream : 

  • Private search engines (Duckduckgo)
  • Password managers (1password, Dashlane)
  • Online identity networks (id.me)
  • Web analytics solutions (Matomo) 
  • And secure messaging apps (Signal) among others 

  Across the board, consumers express greater trust towards companies, protective of their privacy : 

  

  And as we well know : trust translates to higher engagement, loyalty, and – ultimately revenue. 

  By embedding privacy into the core of your product, you give users more reasons to select, stay and support your business. 

  2. Higher Operational Efficiency

  Customer data protection isn’t just a policy – it’s a culture of collecting “just enough” data, protecting it and using it responsibly. 

  Sadly, that’s the area where most organisations trail behind. At present, some 90% of businesses admit to having amassed massive data silos. 

  Siloed data is expensive to maintain and operationalise. Moreover, when left unattended, it can evolve into a pressing compliance issue. 

  A recently leaked document from Facebook says the company has no idea where all of its first-party, third-party and sensitive categories data goes or how it is processed. Because of this, Facebook struggles to achieve GDPR compliance and remains under regulatory pressure. 

  Similarly, Google Analytics is riddled with privacy issues. Other company products were found to be collecting and operationalising consumer data without users’ knowledge or consent. Again, this creates valid grounds for regulatory investigations. 

  Smaller companies have a better chance of making things right at the onset. 

  By curbing customer data collection, you can : 

  • Reduce data hosting and Cloud computation costs (aka trim your Cloud bill) 
  • Improve data security practices (since you would have fewer assets to protect) 
  • Make your staff more productive by consolidating essential data and making it easy and safe to access

  Privacy-mindful companies also have an easier time when it comes to compliance and can meet new data regulations faster. 

  3. Better Marketing Campaigns 

  The biggest counter-argument to reducing customer data collection is marketing. 

  How can we effectively sell our products if we know nothing about our customers ? – your team might be asking. 

  This might sound counterintuitive, but minimising data collection and usage can lead to better marketing outcomes. 

  Limiting the types of data that can be used encourages your people to become more creative and productive by focusing on fewer metrics that are more important.

  Think of it this way : Every other business uses the same targeting parameters on Facebook or Google for running paid ad campaigns on Facebook. As a result, we see ads everywhere — and people grow unresponsive to them or choose to limit exposure by using ad blocking software, private browsers and VPNs. Your ad budgets get wasted on chasing mirage metrics instead of actual prospects. 

  Case in point : In 2017 Marc Pritchard of Procter & Gamble decided to first cut the company’s digital advertising budget by 6% (or $200 million). Unilever made an even bolder move and reduced its ad budget by 30% in 2018. 

  Guess what happened ?

  P&G saw a 7.5% increase in organic sales and Unilever had a 3.8% gain as HBR reports. So how come both companies became more successful by spending less on advertising ? 

  They found that overexposure to online ads led to diminishing returns and annoyances among loyal customers. By minimising ad exposure and adopting alternative marketing strategies, the two companies managed to market better to new and existing customers. 

  The takeaway : There are more ways to engage consumers aside from pestering them with repetitive retargeting messages or creepy personalisation. 

  You can collect first-party data with consent to incrementally improve your product — and educate them on the benefits of your solution in transparent terms.

  Final Thoughts 

  The definitive advantage of privacy is consumers’ trust. 

  You can’t buy it, you can’t fake it, you can only cultivate it by aligning your external appearances with internal practices. 

  Because when you fail to address privacy internally, your mishaps will quickly become apparent either as social media call-outs or worse — as a security incident, a data breach or a legal investigation. 

  By choosing to treat consumer data with respect, you build an extra layer of protection around your business, plus draw in some banging benefits too. 

  Get one step closer to becoming a privacy-centred company by choosing Matomo as your web analytics solution. We offer robust privacy controls for ensuring ethical, compliant, privacy-friendly and secure website tracking.