
Recherche avancée
Médias (1)
-
The Slip - Artworks
26 septembre 2011, par
Mis à jour : Septembre 2011
Langue : English
Type : Texte
Autres articles (85)
-
Mise à jour de la version 0.1 vers 0.2
24 juin 2013, parExplications des différents changements notables lors du passage de la version 0.1 de MediaSPIP à la version 0.3. Quelles sont les nouveautés
Au niveau des dépendances logicielles Utilisation des dernières versions de FFMpeg (>= v1.2.1) ; Installation des dépendances pour Smush ; Installation de MediaInfo et FFprobe pour la récupération des métadonnées ; On n’utilise plus ffmpeg2theora ; On n’installe plus flvtool2 au profit de flvtool++ ; On n’installe plus ffmpeg-php qui n’est plus maintenu au (...) -
Personnaliser en ajoutant son logo, sa bannière ou son image de fond
5 septembre 2013, parCertains thèmes prennent en compte trois éléments de personnalisation : l’ajout d’un logo ; l’ajout d’une bannière l’ajout d’une image de fond ;
-
Ecrire une actualité
21 juin 2013, parPrésentez les changements dans votre MédiaSPIP ou les actualités de vos projets sur votre MédiaSPIP grâce à la rubrique actualités.
Dans le thème par défaut spipeo de MédiaSPIP, les actualités sont affichées en bas de la page principale sous les éditoriaux.
Vous pouvez personnaliser le formulaire de création d’une actualité.
Formulaire de création d’une actualité Dans le cas d’un document de type actualité, les champs proposés par défaut sont : Date de publication ( personnaliser la date de publication ) (...)
Sur d’autres sites (7404)
-
How to use ffmpeg to copy streams and preserve format and metadata ?
24 septembre 2023, par dzeekI have two files with multiple streams in each.



Output.mp4 has 2 streams : video and audio (streams 0,1)



Input.mp4 has 3 streams : video, audio and data (streams 0,1,2)



I need to add stream 2 from Input.mp4 to Output.mp4 yielding Final.mov.



I tried using this command but it does seem to preserve the format and metadata for the stream that is added :



ffmpeg -y -i Output.mp4 -i Input.mp4 -c copy -map 0:0 -map 0:1 -map 1:2 Final.mov




The output from ffmpeg seems to show that it is working but the format and metadata for the streams in the Final.mov is not correct.



I would appreciate any help with how to change the command to make it work.



Thank you !



Here is the command output :



ffmpeg -y -i Output.mp4 -i Input.mp4 -c copy -map 0:0 -map 0:1 -map 1:2 Final.mov

ffmpeg version N-84679-gd65b595 Copyright (c) 2000-2017 the FFmpeg developers
 built with gcc 6.3.0 (GCC)
 configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-cuda --enable-cuvid --enable-d3d11va --enable-dxva2 --enable-libmfx --enable-nvenc --enable-avisynth --enable-bzlib --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gnutls --enable-iconv --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libbs2b --enable-libcaca --enable-libfreetype --enable-libgme --enable-libgsm --enable-libilbc --enable-libmodplug --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libopenh264 --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-librtmp --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwavpack --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxavs --enable-libxvid --enable-libzimg --enable-lzma --enable-zlib
 libavutil 55. 51.100 / 55. 51.100
 libavcodec 57. 86.103 / 57. 86.103
 libavformat 57. 67.100 / 57. 67.100
 libavdevice 57. 3.101 / 57. 3.101
 libavfilter 6. 78.100 / 6. 78.100
 libswscale 4. 3.101 / 4. 3.101
 libswresample 2. 4.100 / 2. 4.100
 libpostproc 54. 2.100 / 54. 2.100
Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'Output.mp4':
 Metadata:
 major_brand : mp42
 minor_version : 0
 compatible_brands: mp42mp41
 creation_time : 2018-04-15T21:57:13.000000Z
 Duration: 00:24:25.05, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 3571 kb/s
 Stream #0:0(eng): Video: hevc (Main) (hvc1 / 0x31637668), yuvj420p(pc, bt709), 7680x3840 [SAR 1:1 DAR 2:1], 3252 kb/s, 1 fps, 1 tbr, 100k tbn, 2.15 tbc (default)
 Metadata:
 creation_time : 2018-04-15T21:57:13.000000Z
 handler_name : Alias Data Handler
 encoder : HEVC Coding
 Side data:
 stereo3d: 2D
 spherical: equirectangular (0.000000/0.000000/0.000000)
 Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 317 kb/s (default)
 Metadata:
 creation_time : 2018-04-15T21:57:13.000000Z
 handler_name : Alias Data Handler
Input #1, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'Input.mp4':
 Metadata:
 major_brand : isom
 minor_version : 512
 compatible_brands: isomiso2mp41
 creation_time : 2018-04-12T12:02:32.000000Z
 make : Insta360
 model : Insta360 Pro
 encoder : Lavf57.71.100
 description : {"info":{"gyro_stabilized":false,"initial_view_changed":false}}
 Duration: 00:24:25.00, start: -0.004233, bitrate: 6394 kb/s
 Stream #1:0(und): Video: hevc (Main) (hev1 / 0x31766568), yuv420p(tv), 7680x3840, 6196 kb/s, 1 fps, 1 tbr, 360k tbn, 5 tbc (default)
 Metadata:
 creation_time : 2018-04-12T12:02:32.000000Z
 handler_name : VideoHandler
 Side data:
 stereo3d: 2D
 spherical: equirectangular (0.000000/0.000000/0.000000)
 Stream #1:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, 4.0, fltp, 129 kb/s (default)
 Metadata:
 creation_time : 2018-04-12T12:02:32.000000Z
 handler_name : SoundHandler
 Stream #1:2(und): Data: none (camm / 0x6D6D6163), 36 kb/s
 Metadata:
 creation_time : 2018-04-12T12:02:32.000000Z
 handler_name : CameraMetadataMotionHandler
Output #0, mov, to 'Final.mov':
 Metadata:
 major_brand : mp42
 minor_version : 0
 compatible_brands: mp42mp41
 encoder : Lavf57.67.100
 Stream #0:0(eng): Video: hevc (Main) (hvc1 / 0x31637668), yuvj420p(pc, bt709), 7680x3840 [SAR 1:1 DAR 2:1], q=2-31, 3252 kb/s, 1 fps, 1 tbr, 100k tbn, 100k tbc (default)
 Metadata:
 creation_time : 2018-04-15T21:57:13.000000Z
 handler_name : Alias Data Handler
 encoder : HEVC Coding
 Side data:
 stereo3d: 2D
 spherical: equirectangular (0.000000/0.000000/0.000000)
 Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 317 kb/s (default)
 Metadata:
 creation_time : 2018-04-15T21:57:13.000000Z
 handler_name : Alias Data Handler
 Stream #0:2(und): Data: none (camm / 0x6D6D6163), 36 kb/s
 Metadata:
 creation_time : 2018-04-12T12:02:32.000000Z
 handler_name : CameraMetadataMotionHandler
Stream mapping:
 Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (copy)
 Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (copy)
 Stream #1:2 -> #0:2 (copy)
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
[mov @ 0000000004894f00] Unknown hldr_type for camm / 0x6D6D6163, writing dummy valuesd= 629x
frame= 1465 fps=625 q=-1.0 Lsize= 650825kB time=00:24:24.98 bitrate=3639.3kbits/s speed= 625x
video:581593kB audio:56757kB subtitle:0kB other streams:6602kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 0.910633%




Here are the streams in the Final.mp4 file :



ffmpeg -i Final.mov

ffmpeg version N-84679-gd65b595 Copyright (c) 2000-2017 the FFmpeg developers
 built with gcc 6.3.0 (GCC)
 configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-cuda --enable-cuvid --enable-d3d11va --enable-dxva2 --enable-libmfx --enable-nvenc --enable-avisynth --enable-bzlib --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gnutls --enable-iconv --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libbs2b --enable-libcaca --enable-libfreetype --enable-libgme --enable-libgsm --enable-libilbc --enable-libmodplug --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libopenh264 --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-librtmp --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwavpack --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxavs --enable-libxvid --enable-libzimg --enable-lzma --enable-zlib
 libavutil 55. 51.100 / 55. 51.100
 libavcodec 57. 86.103 / 57. 86.103
 libavformat 57. 67.100 / 57. 67.100
 libavdevice 57. 3.101 / 57. 3.101
 libavfilter 6. 78.100 / 6. 78.100
 libswscale 4. 3.101 / 4. 3.101
 libswresample 2. 4.100 / 2. 4.100
 libpostproc 54. 2.100 / 54. 2.100
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0000000002726860] overread end of atom 'stsd' by 2974416 bytes
Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'Final.mov':
 Metadata:
 major_brand : qt
 minor_version : 512
 compatible_brands: qt
 encoder : Lavf57.67.100
 Duration: 00:24:25.00, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 3639 kb/s
 Stream #0:0(eng): Video: hevc (Main) (hvc1 / 0x31637668), yuvj420p(pc, bt709), 7680x3840 [SAR 1:1 DAR 2:1], 3252 kb/s, 1 fps, 1 tbr, 100k tbn, 2.15 tbc (default)
 Metadata:
 handler_name : DataHandler
 encoder : HEVC Coding
 Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 317 kb/s (default)
 Metadata:
 handler_name : DataHandler
 Stream #0:2(eng): Data: none (stts / 0x73747473), 36 kb/s
 Metadata:
 handler_name : DataHandler



-
How to keep transparency when scale webm file with ffmpeg
5 octobre 2022, par Sonia KidmanI'm using ffmpeg to scale my WEBM file, by using below command : 
ffmpeg -i in.webm -c:v libvpx -vf scale=100:100 out.webm
The output has correct resolution as I expected but the problem is transparency become black background.



Could someone give me a solution for this.



Thank you so much.



Below is the log of the operation :



ffmpeg version 3.4 Copyright (c) 2000-2017 the FFmpeg developers
 built with gcc 7.2.0 (GCC)
 configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-sdl2 --enable-bzlib --enable-fontconfig --enable-gnutls --enable-iconv --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-libshine --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsoxr --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvpx --enable-libwavpack --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxml2 --enable-libzimg --enable-lzma --enable-zlib --enable-gmp --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvorbis --enable-cuda --enable-cuvid --enable-d3d11va --enable-nvenc --enable-dxva2 --enable-avisynth --enable-libmfx
 libavutil 55. 78.100 / 55. 78.100
 libavcodec 57.107.100 / 57.107.100
 libavformat 57. 83.100 / 57. 83.100
 libavdevice 57. 10.100 / 57. 10.100
 libavfilter 6.107.100 / 6.107.100
 libswscale 4. 8.100 / 4. 8.100
 libswresample 2. 9.100 / 2. 9.100
 libpostproc 54. 7.100 / 54. 7.100
Splitting the commandline.
Reading option '-v' ... matched as option 'v' (set logging level) with argument '56'.
Reading option '-i' ... matched as input url with argument 'in.webm'.
Reading option '-c:v' ... matched as option 'c' (codec name) with argument 'libvpx'.
Reading option '-vf' ... matched as option 'vf' (set video filters) with argument 'scale=320:240'.
Reading option 'out.webm' ... matched as output url.
Finished splitting the commandline.
Parsing a group of options: global .
Applying option v (set logging level) with argument 56.
Successfully parsed a group of options.
Parsing a group of options: input url in.webm.
Successfully parsed a group of options.
Opening an input file: in.webm.
[NULL @ 000002387e6322a0] Opening 'in.webm' for reading
[file @ 000002387e632ea0] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto'
Probing matroska,webm score:100 size:2048
Probing mp3 score:1 size:2048
[matroska,webm @ 000002387e6322a0] Format matroska,webm probed with size=2048 and score=100
st:0 removing common factor 1000000 from timebase
[matroska,webm @ 000002387e6322a0] Before avformat_find_stream_info() pos: 634 bytes read:32768 seeks:0 nb_streams:1
[matroska,webm @ 000002387e6322a0] All info found
[matroska,webm @ 000002387e6322a0] stream 0: start_time: 0.000 duration: -9223372036854776.000
[matroska,webm @ 000002387e6322a0] format: start_time: 0.000 duration: 0.400 bitrate=1432 kb/s
[matroska,webm @ 000002387e6322a0] After avformat_find_stream_info() pos: 34843 bytes read:65536 seeks:0 frames:1
Input #0, matroska,webm, from 'in.webm':
 Metadata:
 ENCODER : Lavf57.83.100
 Duration: 00:00:00.40, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 1432 kb/s
 Stream #0:0, 1, 1/1000: Video: vp8, 1 reference frame, yuv420p(progressive), 640x480, 0/1, SAR 1:1 DAR 4:3, 10 fps, 10 tbr, 1k tbn, 1k tbc (default)
 Metadata:
 alpha_mode : 1
 ENCODER : Lavc57.107.100 libvpx
 DURATION : 00:00:00.400000000
Successfully opened the file.
Parsing a group of options: output url out.webm.
Applying option c:v (codec name) with argument libvpx.
Applying option vf (set video filters) with argument scale=320:240.
Successfully parsed a group of options.
Opening an output file: out.webm.
[file @ 000002387e658b40] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto'
Successfully opened the file.
detected 4 logical cores
Stream mapping:
 Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (vp8 (native) -> vp8 (libvpx))
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
cur_dts is invalid (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
 Last message repeated 4 times
[Parsed_scale_0 @ 000002387e718a60] Setting 'w' to value '320'
[Parsed_scale_0 @ 000002387e718a60] Setting 'h' to value '240'
[Parsed_scale_0 @ 000002387e718a60] Setting 'flags' to value 'bicubic'
[Parsed_scale_0 @ 000002387e718a60] w:320 h:240 flags:'bicubic' interl:0
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 000002387e743b00] Setting 'video_size' to value '640x480'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 000002387e743b00] Setting 'pix_fmt' to value '0'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 000002387e743b00] Setting 'time_base' to value '1/1000'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 000002387e743b00] Setting 'pixel_aspect' to value '1/1'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 000002387e743b00] Setting 'sws_param' to value 'flags=2'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 000002387e743b00] Setting 'frame_rate' to value '10/1'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 000002387e743b00] w:640 h:480 pixfmt:yuv420p tb:1/1000 fr:10/1 sar:1/1 sws_param:flags=2
[format @ 000002387e7fe1e0] compat: called with args=[yuv420p|yuva420p]
[format @ 000002387e7fe1e0] Setting 'pix_fmts' to value 'yuv420p|yuva420p'
[AVFilterGraph @ 000002387e634e60] query_formats: 4 queried, 3 merged, 0 already done, 0 delayed
[Parsed_scale_0 @ 000002387e718a60] w:640 h:480 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 -> w:320 h:240 fmt:yuv420p sar:1/1 flags:0x4
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] v1.6.1
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] --prefix=/Users/kyle/software/libvpx/win64/libvpx-1.6.1-win64 --target=x86_64-win64-gcc
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] vpx_codec_enc_cfg
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] generic settings
 g_usage: 0
 g_threads: 0
 g_profile: 0
 g_w: 320
 g_h: 240
 g_bit_depth: 8
 g_input_bit_depth: 8
 g_timebase: {1/30}
 g_error_resilient: 0
 g_pass: 0
 g_lag_in_frames: 0
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] rate control settings
 rc_dropframe_thresh: 0
 rc_resize_allowed: 0
 rc_resize_up_thresh: 60
 rc_resize_down_thresh: 30
 rc_end_usage: 0
 rc_twopass_stats_in: 0000000000000000(0)
 rc_target_bitrate: 256
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] quantizer settings
 rc_min_quantizer: 4
 rc_max_quantizer: 63
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] bitrate tolerance
 rc_undershoot_pct: 100
 rc_overshoot_pct: 100
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] decoder buffer model
 rc_buf_sz: 6000
 rc_buf_initial_sz: 4000
 rc_buf_optimal_sz: 5000
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] 2 pass rate control settings
 rc_2pass_vbr_bias_pct: 50
 rc_2pass_vbr_minsection_pct: 0
 rc_2pass_vbr_maxsection_pct: 400
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] keyframing settings
 kf_mode: 1
 kf_min_dist: 0
 kf_max_dist: 128
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] 
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] vpx_codec_enc_cfg
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] generic settings
 g_usage: 0
 g_threads: 0
 g_profile: 0
 g_w: 320
 g_h: 240
 g_bit_depth: 8
 g_input_bit_depth: 8
 g_timebase: {1/10}
 g_error_resilient: 0
 g_pass: 0
 g_lag_in_frames: 25
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] rate control settings
 rc_dropframe_thresh: 0
 rc_resize_allowed: 0
 rc_resize_up_thresh: 60
 rc_resize_down_thresh: 30
 rc_end_usage: 0
 rc_twopass_stats_in: 0000000000000000(0)
 rc_target_bitrate: 200
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] quantizer settings
 rc_min_quantizer: 4
 rc_max_quantizer: 63
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] bitrate tolerance
 rc_undershoot_pct: 100
 rc_overshoot_pct: 100
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] decoder buffer model
 rc_buf_sz: 6000
 rc_buf_initial_sz: 4000
 rc_buf_optimal_sz: 5000
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] 2 pass rate control settings
 rc_2pass_vbr_bias_pct: 50
 rc_2pass_vbr_minsection_pct: 0
 rc_2pass_vbr_maxsection_pct: 400
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] keyframing settings
 kf_mode: 1
 kf_min_dist: 0
 kf_max_dist: 128
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] 
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] vpx_codec_control
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] VP8E_SET_CPUUSED: 1
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] VP8E_SET_ARNR_MAXFRAMES: 0
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] VP8E_SET_ARNR_STRENGTH: 3
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] VP8E_SET_ARNR_TYPE: 3
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] VP8E_SET_NOISE_SENSITIVITY: 0
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] VP8E_SET_TOKEN_PARTITIONS: 0
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] VP8E_SET_STATIC_THRESHOLD: 0
[libvpx @ 000002387e657fe0] Using deadline: 1000000
Output #0, webm, to 'out.webm':
 Metadata:
 encoder : Lavf57.83.100
 Stream #0:0, 0, 1/1000: Video: vp8 (libvpx), 1 reference frame, yuv420p, 320x240 [SAR 1:1 DAR 4:3], 0/1, q=-1--1, 200 kb/s, 10 fps, 1k tbn, 10 tbc (default)
 Metadata:
 alpha_mode : 1
 DURATION : 00:00:00.400000000
 encoder : Lavc57.107.100 libvpx
 Side data:
 cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: -1
Clipping frame in rate conversion by 0.000008
[webm @ 000002387e656880] get_metadata_duration returned: 400000
[webm @ 000002387e656880] Write early duration from metadata = 400
[webm @ 000002387e656880] Writing block at offset 3, size 11223, pts 0, dts 0, duration 100, keyframe 1
[webm @ 000002387e656880] Writing block at offset 11233, size 1288, pts 100, dts 100, duration 100, keyframe 0
[webm @ 000002387e656880] Writing block at offset 12528, size 1504, pts 200, dts 200, duration 100, keyframe 0
[webm @ 000002387e656880] Writing block at offset 14039, size 2481, pts 300, dts 300, duration 100, keyframe 0
[out_0_0 @ 000002387e743d60] EOF on sink link out_0_0:default.
No more output streams to write to, finishing.
[webm @ 000002387e656880] end duration = 400
[webm @ 000002387e656880] stream 0 end duration = 400
frame= 4 fps=0.0 q=0.0 Lsize= 17kB time=00:00:00.30 bitrate= 457.8kbits/s speed=4.45x 
video:16kB audio:0kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 4.413191%
Input file #0 (in.webm):
 Input stream #0:0 (video): 4 packets read (34992 bytes); 4 frames decoded; 
 Total: 4 packets (34992 bytes) demuxed
Output file #0 (out.webm):
 Output stream #0:0 (video): 4 frames encoded; 4 packets muxed (16496 bytes); 
 Total: 4 packets (16496 bytes) muxed
4 frames successfully decoded, 0 decoding errors
[AVIOContext @ 000002387e698c20] Statistics: 14 seeks, 10 writeouts
[AVIOContext @ 000002387cc773e0] Statistics: 71649 bytes read, 0 seeks



-
Reliably get PTS values in ffmpeg ?
21 novembre 2013, par karl_I'm trying to write a method that will provide the next frame and presentation time stamp when queried. The code currently looks something like this :
while( getNextFrame(image, pts) )
{
// show current image
drawImage(currentImage);
sleep(pts);
currentImage = image;
}I've been following the Dranger tutorials to this point, but have stalled on reliably getting a PTS value for frames (http://www.dranger.com/ffmpeg/tutorial05.html). The PTS values returned are always 0.
Also,
get_buffer()
has been deprecated, so I'm now using theget_buffer2()
method to set the global pts value. However, therelease_buffer
method has also been deprecated and I can't seem to find it's replacement. This leads me to believe that the method laid out in the tutorials may no longer be the best way of accomplishing this task.In short, using up to date ffmpeg, what's the best way to grab frame pts values reliably ?