Recherche avancée

Sur d’autres sites (6848)

• Alias Artifacts

  26 avril 2013, par Multimedia Mike — General

  Throughout my own life, I have often observed that my own sense of nostalgia has a window that stretches about 10-15 years past from the current moment. Earlier this year, I discovered the show “Alias” and watched through the entire series thanks to Amazon Prime Instant Video (to be fair, I sort of skimmed the fifth and final season which I found to be horribly dull, or maybe franchise fatigue had set in). The show originally aired from 2001-2006 so I found that it fit well within the aforementioned nostalgia window.

  
  
  

  But what was it, exactly, about the show that triggered nostalgia ? The computers, of course ! The show revolved around spies and espionage and cutting-edge technology necessarily played a role. The production designer for the series must have decided that Unix/Linux == awesome hacking and so many screenshots featured Linux.

  Since this is still nominally a multimedia blog, I’ll start of the screenshot recon with an old multimedia player. Here is a vintage Mac OS desktop running an ancient web browser (probably Netscape) that’s playing a full-window video (probably QuickTime embedded directly into the browser).

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  Let’s jump right into the Linux side of things. This screenshot makes me particularly sentimental since this is exactly what a stock Linux/KDE desktop looked like circa 2001-2003 and is more or less what I would have worked with on my home computer at the time :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  Studying that screenshot, we see that the user logs in as root, even to the desktop environment. Poor security practice ; I would expect better from a bunch of spooks.

  Echelon
  Look at the terminal output in the above screenshot– it’s building a program named Echelon, an omniscient spy tool inspired by a real-world surveillance network of the same name. In the show, Echelon is used to supply plot-convenient intelligence. At one point, some antagonists get their hands on the Echelon source code and seek to compile it. When they do, they will have access to the vast surveillance network. If you know anything about how computers work, don’t think about that too hard.

  Anyway, it’s interesting to note that Echelon is a properly autotool’d program– when the bad guys finally got Echelon, installation was just a ‘make install’ command away. The compilation was very user-friendly, though, as it would pop up a nice dialog box showing build progress :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  Examining the build lines in both that screenshot and the following lines, we can see that Echelon cares about files such as common/db_err.c and bt_curadj.c :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  A little googling reveals that these files both belong to the Berkeley DB library. That works ; I can imagine a program like this leveraging various database packages.

  Computer Languages
  The Echelon source code stuff comes from episode 2.11 : “A Higher Echelon”. While one faction had gotten a hold of the actual Echelon source code, a rival faction had abducted the show’s resident uber-nerd and, learning that they didn’t actually receive the Echelon code, force the nerd to re-write Echelon from scratch. Which he then proceeds to do…

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  The code he’s examining there appears to be C code that has something to do with joystick programming (JS_X_0, JS_Y_1, etc.). An eagle-eyed IMDb user contributed the trivia that he is looking at the file /usr/include/Linux/joystick.h.

  Getting back to the plot, how could the bad buys possibly expect him to re-write a hugely complex piece of software from scratch ? You might think this is the height of absurdity for a computer-oriented story. You’ll be pleased to know that the writers agreed with that assessment since, when the program was actually executed, it claimed to be Echelon, but that broke into a game of Pong (or some simple game). Suddenly, it makes perfect sense why the guy was looking at the joystick header file.

  This is the first bit of computer-oriented fun that I captured when I was watching the series :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  This printout purports to be a “mainframe log summary”. After some plot-advancing text about a security issue, it proceeds to dump out some Java source code.

  SSH
  Secure Shell (SSH) frequently showed up. Here’s a screenshot in which a verbose ‘ssh -v’ connection has just been closed, while a telnet command has apparently just been launched (evidenced by “Escape character is ‘^]’.”) :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  This is followed by some good old Hollywood Hacking in which a free-form database command is entered through any available command line interface :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  I don’t remember the episode details, but I’m pretty sure the output made perfect sense to the character typing the command. Here’s another screenshot where the SSH client pops up an extra-large GUI dialog element to notify the user that it’s currently negotiating with the host :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  Now that I look at that screenshot a little more closely, it appears to be a Win95/98 program. I wonder if there was an SSH client that actually popped up that gaudy dialog.

  There’s a lot of gibberish in this screenshot and I wish I had written down some details about what it represented according to the episode’s plot :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  It almost sounds like they were trying to break into a network computer. Analyzing MD5 structure… public key synthesized. To me, the funniest feature is the 7-digit public key. I’m a bit rusty on the math of the RSA cryptosystem, but intuitively, it seems that the public and private keys need to be of roughly equal lengths. I.e., the private key in this scenario would also be 7 digits long.

  Gadgets
  Various devices and gadgets were seen at various junctures in the show. Here’s a tablet computer from back when tablet computers seemed like fantastical (albeit stylus-requiring) devices– the Fujitsu Stylistic 2300 :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  Here’s a videophone from an episode that aired in 2005. The specific model is the Packet8 DV326 (MSRP of US$500). As you can see from the screenshot, it can do 384 kbps both down and up.

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  I really regret not writing down the episode details surrounding this gadget. I just know that it was critical that the good guys get it and keep from falling into the hands of the bad guys.

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  As you can see, the (presumably) deadly device contains a Samsung chip and a Lexar chip. I have to wonder what device the production crew salvaged this from (probably just an old cell phone).

  Other Programs

  The GIMP photo editor makes an appearance while scrubbing security camera footage, and serves as the magical Enhance Button (at least they slung around the term “gamma”) :

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  I have no idea what MacOS-based audio editing program this is. Any ideas ?

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

  FTP shows up in episode 2.12, “The Getaway”. It’s described as a “secure channel” for communication, which is quite humorous to anyone versed in internet technology.

  
  

  

  Click for larger image

  
  

• Hung out to dry

  31 mai 2013, par Mans — Law and liberty

  Outrage was the general reaction when Google recently announced their dropping of XMPP server-to-server federation from Hangouts, as the search giant’s revamped instant messaging platform is henceforth to be known. This outrage is, however, largely unjustified ; Google’s decision is merely a rational response to issues of a more fundamental nature. To see why, we need to step back and look at the broader instant messaging landscape.

  A brief history of IM

  The term instant messaging (IM) gained popularity in the mid-1990s along with the rise of chat clients such as ICQ, AOL Instant Messenger, and later MSN Messenger. These all had one thing in common : they were closed systems. Although global in the sense of allowing access from anywhere on the Internet, communication was possible only within each network, and only using the officially sanctioned client software. Contrast this with email, where users are free to choose any service provider as well as client software, inter-server communication over open protocols delivering messages to their proper destinations.

  The email picture has, however, not always been so rosy. During the 1970s and 80s a multitude of incompatible email systems (e.g. UUCP and X.400) were in more or less widespread use on various networks. As these networks gave way to the ARPANET/Internet, so did their mail systems to the SMTP email we all use today. A similar consolidation has yet to occur in the area of instant messaging.

  Over the years, a few efforts towards a cross-domain instant messaging have been undertaken. One early example is the Zephyr system created as part of Project Athena at MIT in the late 1980s. While it never saw significant uptake, it is still in use at a few universities. A more successful story is that of XMPP. Conceived under the name Jabber in the late 1990s, XMPP is an open standard specified in a set of IETF RFCs. In addition to being open, a distinguishing feature of XMPP compared to other contemporary IM systems is its decentralised nature, server-to-server connections allowing communication between users with accounts on different systems. Just like email.

  The social network

  A more recent emergence on the Internet is the social network. Although not the first of its kind, Facebook was the first to achieve its level of penetration, both geographically and across social groups. A range of messaging options, including email-style as well as instant messaging (chat), are available, all within the same web interface. What it does not allow is communication outside the Facebook network. Other social networks operate in the same spirit.

  The popularity of social networks, to the extent that they for many constitute the primary means of communication, has in a sense brought back fragmented networks of the 1980s. Even though they share infrastructure, up to and including the browser application, the social networks create walled-off regions of the Internet between which little or no exchange is possible.

  The house that Google built

  In 2005, Google launched Talk, an XMPP-based instant messaging service allowing users to connect using either Google’s official client application or any third-party XMPP client. Soon after, server-to-server federation was activated, enabling anyone with a Google account to exchange instant messages with users of any other federated XMPP service. An in-browser chat interface was also added to Gmail.

  It was arguably only with the 2011 introduction of Google+ that Google, despite its previous endeavours with Orkut and Buzz, had a viable contender in the social networking space. Since its inception, Google+ has gone through a number of changes where features have been added or reworked. Instant messaging within Google+ was until recently available only in mobile clients. On the desktop, the sole messaging option was Hangouts which, although featuring text chat, cannot be considered instant messaging in the usual sense.

  With a sprawling collection of messaging systems (Talk, Google+ Messenger, Hangouts), some action to consolidate them was a logical step. What we got was a unification under the Hangouts name. A redesigned Google+ now sports in-browser instant messaging similar the the Talk interface already present in Gmail. At the same time, the standalone desktop Talk client is discontinued, as is the Messenger feature in mobile Google+. All together, the changes make for a much less confusing user experience.

  The sky is falling down

  Along with the changes to the messaging platform, one announcement stoked anger on the Internet : Google’s intent to discontinue XMPP federation (as of this writing, it is still operational). Google, the (self-described) champions of openness on the Internet were seen to be closing their doors to the outside world. The effects of the change are, however, not quite so earth-shattering. Of the other major messaging networks to offer XMPP at all (Facebook, Skype, and the defunct Microsoft Messenger), none support federation ; a Google user has never been able to chat with a Facebook user.

  XMPP federation appears to be in use mainly by non-profit organisations or individuals running their own servers. The number of users on these systems is hard to assess, though it seems fair to assume it is dwarfed by the hundreds of millions using Google or Facebook. As such, the overall impact of cutting off communication with the federated servers is relatively minor, albeit annoying for those affected.

  A fragmented world

  Rather than chastising Google for making a low-impact, presumably founded, business decision, we should be asking ourselves why instant messaging is still so fragmented in the first place, whereas email is not. The answer can be found by examining the nature of entities providing these services.

  Ever since the commercialisation of the Internet started in the 1990s, email has been largely seen as being part of the Internet. Access to email was a major selling point for Internet service providers ; indeed, many still use the email facilities of their ISP. Instant messaging, by contrast, has never come as part of the basic offering, rather being a third-party service running on top of the Internet.

  Users wishing to engage in instant messaging have always had to seek out and sign up with a provider of such a service. As the IM networks were isolated, most would choose whichever service their friends were already using, and a small number of networks, each with a sustainable number of users, came to dominate. In the early days, dedicated IM services such as ICQ were popular. Today, social networks have taken their place with Facebook currently in the dominant position. With the new Hangouts, Google offers its users the service they want in the way they have come to expect.

  Follow the money

  We now have all the pieces necessary to see why inter-domain instant messaging has never taken off, and the answer is simple : the major players have no commercial incentive to open access to their IM networks. In fact, they have good reason to keep the networks closed. Ensuring that a person leaving the network loses contact with his or her friends, increases user retention by raising the cost of switching to another service. Monetising users is also better facilitated if they are forced to remain on, say, Facebook’s web pages while using its services rather than accessing them indirectly, perhaps even through a competing (Google, say) frontend. The users do not generally care much, since all their friends are already on the same network as themselves.

  While Google Talk was a standalone service, only loosely coupled to other Google products, these aspects were of lesser importance. After all, Google still had access to all the messages passing through the system and could analyse them for advert targeting purposes. Now that messaging is an integrated part of Google+, and thus serves as a direct competitor to the likes of Facebook, the situation has changed. All the reasons for Facebook not to open its network now apply equally to Google as well.

• cannot convert FLV to MP4 despite compiling ffmpeg with all codecs

  1er novembre 2013, par Rubytastic

  Try to convert FLV to MP4 with below params, but it always fails. I included also list of codeces that are compiled in. Why It will not convert the FLV to MP4, who knows ?

   ffmpeg -y -i stream2.flv -acodec libmp3lame -ar 44100 -ac 1 -vcodec libx264 stream2.mp4;
  
  ffmpeg version git-2013-11-01-64a0ed1 Copyright (c) 2000-2013 the FFmpeg developers
  
    built on Nov  1 2013 14:44:29 with gcc 4.4.7 (GCC) 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-3)
  
    configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --bindir=/root/bin --extra-libs=-ldl --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk_aac --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264
  
    libavutil      52. 49.100 / 52. 49.100
  
    libavcodec     55. 40.100 / 55. 40.100
  
    libavformat    55. 20.100 / 55. 20.100
  
    libavdevice    55.  5.100 / 55.  5.100
  
    libavfilter     3. 90.100 /  3. 90.100
  
    libswscale      2.  5.101 /  2.  5.101
  
    libswresample   0. 17.104 /  0. 17.104
  
    libpostproc    52.  3.100 / 52.  3.100
  
  Input #0, flv, from 'stream2.flv':
  
    Duration: 00:00:01.60, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 636 kb/s
  
      Stream #0:0: Video: h264 (Baseline), yuv420p(tv), 640x480 [SAR 1:1 DAR 4:3], 11.92 tbr, 1k tbn, 60 tbc
  
      Stream #0:1: Audio: speex, 16000 Hz, mono
  
  [graph 1 input from stream 0:1 @ 0xb000d40] Invalid sample format (null)
  
  Error opening filters!

  i followed the official compile documentation with all the codes, this is my full codec list :

  ffmpeg version git-2013-11-01-64a0ed1 Copyright (c) 2000-2013 the FFmpeg developers
  
    built on Nov  1 2013 14:44:29 with gcc 4.4.7 (GCC) 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-3)
  
    configuration: --prefix=/root/ffmpeg_build --extra-cflags=-I/root/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/root/ffmpeg_build/lib --bindir=/root/bin --extra-libs=-ldl --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-libfdk_aac --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264
  
    libavutil      52. 49.100 / 52. 49.100
  
    libavcodec     55. 40.100 / 55. 40.100
  
    libavformat    55. 20.100 / 55. 20.100
  
    libavdevice    55.  5.100 / 55.  5.100
  
    libavfilter     3. 90.100 /  3. 90.100
  
    libswscale      2.  5.101 /  2.  5.101
  
    libswresample   0. 17.104 /  0. 17.104
  
    libpostproc    52.  3.100 / 52.  3.100
  
  Codecs:
  
   D..... = Decoding supported
  
   .E.... = Encoding supported
  
   ..V... = Video codec
  
   ..A... = Audio codec
  
   ..S... = Subtitle codec
  
   ...I.. = Intra frame-only codec
  
   ....L. = Lossy compression
  
   .....S = Lossless compression
  
   -------
  
   D.VI.. 012v                 Uncompressed 4:2:2 10-bit
  
   D.V.L. 4xm                  4X Movie
  
   D.VI.S 8bps                 QuickTime 8BPS video
  
   .EVIL. a64_multi            Multicolor charset for Commodore 64 (encoders: a64multi )
  
   .EVIL. a64_multi5           Multicolor charset for Commodore 64, extended with 5th color (colram) (encoders: a64multi5 )
  
   D.V..S aasc                 Autodesk RLE
  
   D.VIL. aic                  Apple Intermediate Codec
  
   DEVIL. amv                  AMV Video
  
   D.V.L. anm                  Deluxe Paint Animation
  
   D.V.L. ansi                 ASCII/ANSI art
  
   DEVIL. asv1                 ASUS V1
  
   DEVIL. asv2                 ASUS V2
  
   D.VIL. aura                 Auravision AURA
  
   D.VIL. aura2                Auravision Aura 2
  
   D.V... avrn                 Avid AVI Codec
  
   DEVI.. avrp                 Avid 1:1 10-bit RGB Packer
  
   D.V.L. avs                  AVS (Audio Video Standard) video
  
   DEVI.. avui                 Avid Meridien Uncompressed
  
   DEVI.. ayuv                 Uncompressed packed MS 4:4:4:4
  
   D.V.L. bethsoftvid          Bethesda VID video
  
   D.V.L. bfi                  Brute Force & Ignorance
  
   D.V.L. binkvideo            Bink video
  
   D.VI.. bintext              Binary text
  
   DEVI.S bmp                  BMP (Windows and OS/2 bitmap)
  
   D.V..S bmv_video            Discworld II BMV video
  
   D.VI.S brender_pix          BRender PIX image
  
   D.V.L. c93                  Interplay C93
  
   D.V.L. cavs                 Chinese AVS (Audio Video Standard) (AVS1-P2, JiZhun profile)
  
   D.V.L. cdgraphics           CD Graphics video
  
   D.VIL. cdxl                 Commodore CDXL video
  
   D.V.L. cinepak              Cinepak
  
   DEVIL. cljr                 Cirrus Logic AccuPak
  
   D.VI.S cllc                 Canopus Lossless Codec
  
   D.V.L. cmv                  Electronic Arts CMV video (decoders: eacmv )
  
   D.V... cpia                 CPiA video format
  
   D.V..S cscd                 CamStudio (decoders: camstudio )
  
   D.VIL. cyuv                 Creative YUV (CYUV)
  
   D.V.L. dfa                  Chronomaster DFA
  
   D.V.LS dirac                Dirac
  
   DEVIL. dnxhd                VC3/DNxHD
  
   DEVI.S dpx                  DPX (Digital Picture Exchange) image
  
   D.V.L. dsicinvideo          Delphine Software International CIN video
  
   DEVIL. dvvideo              DV (Digital Video)
  
   D.V..S dxa                  Feeble Files/ScummVM DXA
  
   D.VI.S dxtory               Dxtory
  
   D.V.L. escape124            Escape 124
  
   D.V.L. escape130            Escape 130
  
   D.VILS exr                  OpenEXR image
  
   DEV..S ffv1                 FFmpeg video codec #1
  
   DEVI.S ffvhuff              Huffyuv FFmpeg variant
  
   DEV..S flashsv              Flash Screen Video v1
  
   DEV.L. flashsv2             Flash Screen Video v2
  
   D.V..S flic                 Autodesk Animator Flic video
  
   DEV.L. flv1                 FLV / Sorenson Spark / Sorenson H.263 (Flash Video) (decoders: flv ) (encoders: flv )
  
   D.V..S fraps                Fraps
  
   D.VI.S frwu                 Forward Uncompressed
  
   D.V.L. g2m                  Go2Meeting
  
   DEV..S gif                  GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
  
   DEV.L. h261                 H.261
  
   DEV.L. h263                 H.263 / H.263-1996, H.263+ / H.263-1998 / H.263 version 2
  
   D.V.L. h263i                Intel H.263
  
   DEV.L. h263p                H.263+ / H.263-1998 / H.263 version 2
  
   DEV.LS h264                 H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 (encoders: libx264 libx264rgb )
  
   D.V.LS hevc                 H.265 / HEVC
  
   D.V.L. hnm4video            HNM 4 video
  
   DEVI.S huffyuv              HuffYUV
  
   D.V.L. idcin                id Quake II CIN video (decoders: idcinvideo )
  
   D.VI.. idf                  iCEDraw text
  
   D.V.L. iff_byterun1         IFF ByteRun1 (decoders: iff )
  
   D.V.L. iff_ilbm             IFF ILBM (decoders: iff )
  
   D.V.L. indeo2               Intel Indeo 2
  
   D.V.L. indeo3               Intel Indeo 3
  
   D.V.L. indeo4               Intel Indeo Video Interactive 4
  
   D.V.L. indeo5               Intel Indeo Video Interactive 5
  
   D.V.L. interplayvideo       Interplay MVE video
  
   DEVILS jpeg2000             JPEG 2000
  
   DEVILS jpegls               JPEG-LS
  
   D.VIL. jv                   Bitmap Brothers JV video
  
   D.V.L. kgv1                 Kega Game Video
  
   D.V.L. kmvc                 Karl Morton's video codec
  
   D.VI.S lagarith             Lagarith lossless
  
   .EVI.S ljpeg                Lossless JPEG
  
   D.VI.S loco                 LOCO
  
   D.V.L. mad                  Electronic Arts Madcow Video (decoders: eamad )
  
   D.VIL. mdec                 Sony PlayStation MDEC (Motion DECoder)
  
   D.V.L. mimic                Mimic
  
   DEVIL. mjpeg                Motion JPEG
  
   D.VIL. mjpegb               Apple MJPEG-B
  
   D.V.L. mmvideo              American Laser Games MM Video
  
   D.V.L. motionpixels         Motion Pixels video
  
   DEV.L. mpeg1video           MPEG-1 video
  
   DEV.L. mpeg2video           MPEG-2 video (decoders: mpeg2video mpegvideo )
  
   DEV.L. mpeg4                MPEG-4 part 2
  
   ..V.L. mpegvideo_xvmc       MPEG-1/2 video XvMC (X-Video Motion Compensation)
  
   D.V.L. msa1                 MS ATC Screen
  
   D.V.L. msmpeg4v1            MPEG-4 part 2 Microsoft variant version 1
  
   DEV.L. msmpeg4v2            MPEG-4 part 2 Microsoft variant version 2
  
   DEV.L. msmpeg4v3            MPEG-4 part 2 Microsoft variant version 3 (decoders: msmpeg4 ) (encoders: msmpeg4 )
  
   D.V..S msrle                Microsoft RLE
  
   D.V.L. mss1                 MS Screen 1
  
   D.VIL. mss2                 MS Windows Media Video V9 Screen
  
   DEV.L. msvideo1             Microsoft Video 1
  
   D.VI.S mszh                 LCL (LossLess Codec Library) MSZH
  
   D.V.L. mts2                 MS Expression Encoder Screen
  
   D.VIL. mvc1                 Silicon Graphics Motion Video Compressor 1
  
   D.VIL. mvc2                 Silicon Graphics Motion Video Compressor 2
  
   D.V.L. mxpeg                Mobotix MxPEG video
  
   D.V.L. nuv                  NuppelVideo/RTJPEG
  
   D.V.L. paf_video            Amazing Studio Packed Animation File Video
  
   DEVI.S pam                  PAM (Portable AnyMap) image
  
   DEVI.S pbm                  PBM (Portable BitMap) image
  
   DEVI.S pcx                  PC Paintbrush PCX image
  
   DEVI.S pgm                  PGM (Portable GrayMap) image
  
   DEVI.S pgmyuv               PGMYUV (Portable GrayMap YUV) image
  
   D.VIL. pictor               Pictor/PC Paint
  
   DEV..S png                  PNG (Portable Network Graphics) image
  
   DEVI.S ppm                  PPM (Portable PixelMap) image
  
   DEVIL. prores               Apple ProRes (iCodec Pro) (decoders: prores prores_lgpl ) (encoders: prores prores_aw prores_ks )
  
   D.VIL. ptx                  V.Flash PTX image
  
   D.VI.S qdraw                Apple QuickDraw
  
   D.V.L. qpeg                 Q-team QPEG
  
   DEV..S qtrle                QuickTime Animation (RLE) video
  
   DEVI.S r10k                 AJA Kona 10-bit RGB Codec
  
   DEVI.S r210                 Uncompressed RGB 10-bit
  
   DEVI.S rawvideo             raw video
  
   D.VIL. rl2                  RL2 video
  
   DEV.L. roq                  id RoQ video (decoders: roqvideo ) (encoders: roqvideo )
  
   D.V.L. rpza                 QuickTime video (RPZA)
  
   DEV.L. rv10                 RealVideo 1.0
  
   DEV.L. rv20                 RealVideo 2.0
  
   D.V.L. rv30                 RealVideo 3.0
  
   D.V.L. rv40                 RealVideo 4.0
  
   D.V.L. sanm                 LucasArts SMUSH video
  
   DEVI.S sgi                  SGI image
  
   D.VI.S sgirle               SGI RLE 8-bit
  
   D.V.L. smackvideo           Smacker video (decoders: smackvid )
  
   D.V.L. smc                  QuickTime Graphics (SMC)
  
   D.V... smv                  Sigmatel Motion Video (decoders: smvjpeg )
  
   DEV.LS snow                 Snow
  
   D.VIL. sp5x                 Sunplus JPEG (SP5X)
  
   DEVI.S sunrast              Sun Rasterfile image
  
   DEV.L. svq1                 Sorenson Vector Quantizer 1 / Sorenson Video 1 / SVQ1
  
   D.V.L. svq3                 Sorenson Vector Quantizer 3 / Sorenson Video 3 / SVQ3
  
   DEVI.S targa                Truevision Targa image
  
   D.VI.. targa_y216           Pinnacle TARGA CineWave YUV16
  
   D.V.L. tgq                  Electronic Arts TGQ video (decoders: eatgq )
  
   D.V.L. tgv                  Electronic Arts TGV video (decoders: eatgv )
  
   D.V.L. theora               Theora
  
   D.VIL. thp                  Nintendo Gamecube THP video
  
   D.V.L. tiertexseqvideo      Tiertex Limited SEQ video
  
   DEVI.S tiff                 TIFF image
  
   D.VIL. tmv                  8088flex TMV
  
   D.V.L. tqi                  Electronic Arts TQI video (decoders: eatqi )
  
   D.V.L. truemotion1          Duck TrueMotion 1.0
  
   D.V.L. truemotion2          Duck TrueMotion 2.0
  
   D.V..S tscc                 TechSmith Screen Capture Codec (decoders: camtasia )
  
   D.V.L. tscc2                TechSmith Screen Codec 2
  
   D.VIL. txd                  Renderware TXD (TeXture Dictionary) image
  
   D.V.L. ulti                 IBM UltiMotion (decoders: ultimotion )
  
   DEVI.S utvideo              Ut Video
  
   DEVI.S v210                 Uncompressed 4:2:2 10-bit
  
   D.VI.S v210x                
  
   DEVI.. v308                 Uncompressed packed 4:4:4
  
   DEVI.. v408                 Uncompressed packed QT 4:4:4:4
  
   DEVI.S v410                 Uncompressed 4:4:4 10-bit
  
   D.V.L. vb                   Beam Software VB
  
   D.VI.S vble                 VBLE Lossless Codec
  
   D.V.L. vc1                  SMPTE VC-1
  
   D.V.L. vc1image             Windows Media Video 9 Image v2
  
   D.VIL. vcr1                 ATI VCR1
  
   D.VIL. vixl                 Miro VideoXL (decoders: xl )
  
   D.V.L. vmdvideo             Sierra VMD video
  
   D.V..S vmnc                 VMware Screen Codec / VMware Video
  
   D.V.L. vp3                  On2 VP3
  
   D.V.L. vp5                  On2 VP5
  
   D.V.L. vp6                  On2 VP6
  
   D.V.L. vp6a                 On2 VP6 (Flash version, with alpha channel)
  
   D.V.L. vp6f                 On2 VP6 (Flash version)
  
   DEV.L. vp8                  On2 VP8 (decoders: vp8 libvpx ) (encoders: libvpx )
  
   DEV.L. vp9                  Google VP9 (decoders: vp9 libvpx-vp9 ) (encoders: libvpx-vp9 )
  
   D.VILS webp                 WebP
  
   DEV.L. wmv1                 Windows Media Video 7
  
   DEV.L. wmv2                 Windows Media Video 8
  
   D.V.L. wmv3                 Windows Media Video 9
  
   D.V.L. wmv3image            Windows Media Video 9 Image
  
   D.VIL. wnv1                 Winnov WNV1
  
   D.V.L. ws_vqa               Westwood Studios VQA (Vector Quantized Animation) video (decoders: vqavideo )
  
   D.V.L. xan_wc3              Wing Commander III / Xan
  
   D.V.L. xan_wc4              Wing Commander IV / Xxan
  
   D.VI.. xbin                 eXtended BINary text
  
   DEVI.S xbm                  XBM (X BitMap) image
  
   DEVIL. xface                X-face image
  
   DEVI.S xwd                  XWD (X Window Dump) image
  
   DEVI.. y41p                 Uncompressed YUV 4:1:1 12-bit
  
   D.V.L. yop                  Psygnosis YOP Video
  
   DEVI.. yuv4                 Uncompressed packed 4:2:0
  
   D.V..S zerocodec            ZeroCodec Lossless Video
  
   DEVI.S zlib                 LCL (LossLess Codec Library) ZLIB
  
   DEV..S zmbv                 Zip Motion Blocks Video
  
   D.A.L. 8svx_exp             8SVX exponential
  
   D.A.L. 8svx_fib             8SVX fibonacci
  
   DEA.L. aac                  AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) (decoders: aac libfdk_aac ) (encoders: aac libfdk_aac )
  
   D.A.L. aac_latm             AAC LATM (Advanced Audio Coding LATM syntax)
  
   DEA.L. ac3                  ATSC A/52A (AC-3) (encoders: ac3 ac3_fixed )
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_4xm            ADPCM 4X Movie
  
   DEA.L. adpcm_adx            SEGA CRI ADX ADPCM
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_afc            ADPCM Nintendo Gamecube AFC
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ct             ADPCM Creative Technology
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_dtk            ADPCM Nintendo Gamecube DTK
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ea             ADPCM Electronic Arts
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ea_maxis_xa    ADPCM Electronic Arts Maxis CDROM XA
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ea_r1          ADPCM Electronic Arts R1
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ea_r2          ADPCM Electronic Arts R2
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ea_r3          ADPCM Electronic Arts R3
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ea_xas         ADPCM Electronic Arts XAS
  
   DEA.L. adpcm_g722           G.722 ADPCM (decoders: g722 ) (encoders: g722 )
  
   DEA.L. adpcm_g726           G.726 ADPCM (decoders: g726 ) (encoders: g726 )
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_g726le         G.726 ADPCM little-endian (decoders: g726le )
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_amv        ADPCM IMA AMV
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_apc        ADPCM IMA CRYO APC
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_dk3        ADPCM IMA Duck DK3
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_dk4        ADPCM IMA Duck DK4
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_ea_eacs    ADPCM IMA Electronic Arts EACS
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_ea_sead    ADPCM IMA Electronic Arts SEAD
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_iss        ADPCM IMA Funcom ISS
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_oki        ADPCM IMA Dialogic OKI
  
   DEA.L. adpcm_ima_qt         ADPCM IMA QuickTime
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_rad        ADPCM IMA Radical
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_smjpeg     ADPCM IMA Loki SDL MJPEG
  
   DEA.L. adpcm_ima_wav        ADPCM IMA WAV
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_ima_ws         ADPCM IMA Westwood
  
   DEA.L. adpcm_ms             ADPCM Microsoft
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_sbpro_2        ADPCM Sound Blaster Pro 2-bit
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_sbpro_3        ADPCM Sound Blaster Pro 2.6-bit
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_sbpro_4        ADPCM Sound Blaster Pro 4-bit
  
   DEA.L. adpcm_swf            ADPCM Shockwave Flash
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_thp            ADPCM Nintendo Gamecube THP
  
   D.A.L. adpcm_xa             ADPCM CDROM XA
  
   DEA.L. adpcm_yamaha         ADPCM Yamaha
  
   DEA..S alac                 ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Codec)
  
   D.A.L. amr_nb               AMR-NB (Adaptive Multi-Rate NarrowBand) (decoders: amrnb )
  
   D.A.L. amr_wb               AMR-WB (Adaptive Multi-Rate WideBand) (decoders: amrwb )
  
   D.A..S ape                  Monkey's Audio
  
   D.A.L. atrac1               ATRAC1 (Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding)
  
   D.A.L. atrac3               ATRAC3 (Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding 3)
  
   ..A.L. atrac3p              ATRAC3+ (Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding 3+)
  
   D.A.L. binkaudio_dct        Bink Audio (DCT)
  
   D.A.L. binkaudio_rdft       Bink Audio (RDFT)
  
   D.A.L. bmv_audio            Discworld II BMV audio
  
   ..A.L. celt                 Constrained Energy Lapped Transform (CELT)
  
   DEA.L. comfortnoise         RFC 3389 Comfort Noise
  
   D.A.L. cook                 Cook / Cooker / Gecko (RealAudio G2)
  
   D.A.L. dsicinaudio          Delphine Software International CIN audio
  
   DEA.LS dts                  DCA (DTS Coherent Acoustics) (decoders: dca ) (encoders: dca )
  
   ..A.L. dvaudio              
  
   DEA.L. eac3                 ATSC A/52B (AC-3, E-AC-3)
  
   D.A.L. evrc                 EVRC (Enhanced Variable Rate Codec)
  
   DEA..S flac                 FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
  
   DEA.L. g723_1               G.723.1
  
   D.A.L. g729                 G.729
  
   D.A.L. gsm                  GSM
  
   D.A.L. gsm_ms               GSM Microsoft variant
  
   D.A.L. iac                  IAC (Indeo Audio Coder)
  
   ..A.L. ilbc                 iLBC (Internet Low Bitrate Codec)
  
   D.A.L. imc                  IMC (Intel Music Coder)
  
   D.A.L. interplay_dpcm       DPCM Interplay
  
   D.A.L. mace3                MACE (Macintosh Audio Compression/Expansion) 3:1
  
   D.A.L. mace6                MACE (Macintosh Audio Compression/Expansion) 6:1
  
   D.A.L. metasound            Voxware MetaSound
  
   D.A..S mlp                  MLP (Meridian Lossless Packing)
  
   D.A.L. mp1                  MP1 (MPEG audio layer 1) (decoders: mp1 mp1float )
  
   DEA.L. mp2                  MP2 (MPEG audio layer 2) (decoders: mp2 mp2float )
  
   DEA.L. mp3                  MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3) (decoders: mp3 mp3float ) (encoders: libmp3lame )
  
   D.A.L. mp3adu               ADU (Application Data Unit) MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3) (decoders: mp3adu mp3adufloat )
  
   D.A.L. mp3on4               MP3onMP4 (decoders: mp3on4 mp3on4float )
  
   D.A..S mp4als               MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding (ALS) (decoders: als )
  
   D.A.L. musepack7            Musepack SV7 (decoders: mpc7 )
  
   D.A.L. musepack8            Musepack SV8 (decoders: mpc8 )
  
   DEA.L. nellymoser           Nellymoser Asao
  
   DEA.L. opus                 Opus (Opus Interactive Audio Codec) (decoders: libopus ) (encoders: libopus )
  
   D.A.L. paf_audio            Amazing Studio Packed Animation File Audio
  
   DEA.L. pcm_alaw             PCM A-law / G.711 A-law
  
   D.A..S pcm_bluray           PCM signed 16|20|24-bit big-endian for Blu-ray media
  
   D.A..S pcm_dvd              PCM signed 20|24-bit big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_f32be            PCM 32-bit floating point big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_f32le            PCM 32-bit floating point little-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_f64be            PCM 64-bit floating point big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_f64le            PCM 64-bit floating point little-endian
  
   D.A..S pcm_lxf              PCM signed 20-bit little-endian planar
  
   DEA.L. pcm_mulaw            PCM mu-law / G.711 mu-law
  
   DEA..S pcm_s16be            PCM signed 16-bit big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_s16be_planar     PCM signed 16-bit big-endian planar
  
   DEA..S pcm_s16le            PCM signed 16-bit little-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_s16le_planar     PCM signed 16-bit little-endian planar
  
   DEA..S pcm_s24be            PCM signed 24-bit big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_s24daud          PCM D-Cinema audio signed 24-bit
  
   DEA..S pcm_s24le            PCM signed 24-bit little-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_s24le_planar     PCM signed 24-bit little-endian planar
  
   DEA..S pcm_s32be            PCM signed 32-bit big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_s32le            PCM signed 32-bit little-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_s32le_planar     PCM signed 32-bit little-endian planar
  
   DEA..S pcm_s8               PCM signed 8-bit
  
   DEA..S pcm_s8_planar        PCM signed 8-bit planar
  
   DEA..S pcm_u16be            PCM unsigned 16-bit big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_u16le            PCM unsigned 16-bit little-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_u24be            PCM unsigned 24-bit big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_u24le            PCM unsigned 24-bit little-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_u32be            PCM unsigned 32-bit big-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_u32le            PCM unsigned 32-bit little-endian
  
   DEA..S pcm_u8               PCM unsigned 8-bit
  
   D.A.L. pcm_zork             PCM Zork
  
   D.A.L. qcelp                QCELP / PureVoice
  
   D.A.L. qdm2                 QDesign Music Codec 2
  
   ..A.L. qdmc                 QDesign Music
  
   DEA.L. ra_144               RealAudio 1.0 (14.4K) (decoders: real_144 ) (encoders: real_144 )
  
   D.A.L. ra_288               RealAudio 2.0 (28.8K) (decoders: real_288 )
  
   D.A..S ralf                 RealAudio Lossless
  
   DEA.L. roq_dpcm             DPCM id RoQ
  
   DEA..S s302m                SMPTE 302M
  
   D.A..S shorten              Shorten
  
   D.A.L. sipr                 RealAudio SIPR / ACELP.NET
  
   D.A.L. smackaudio           Smacker audio (decoders: smackaud )
  
   ..A.L. smv                  SMV (Selectable Mode Vocoder)
  
   D.A.L. sol_dpcm             DPCM Sol
  
   DEA... sonic                Sonic
  
   .EA... sonicls              Sonic lossless
  
   ..A.L. speex                Speex
  
   D.A..S tak                  TAK (Tom's lossless Audio Kompressor)
  
   D.A..S truehd               TrueHD
  
   D.A.L. truespeech           DSP Group TrueSpeech
  
   DEA..S tta                  TTA (True Audio)
  
   D.A.L. twinvq               VQF TwinVQ
  
   D.A.L. vima                 LucasArts VIMA audio
  
   D.A.L. vmdaudio             Sierra VMD audio
  
   DEA.L. vorbis               Vorbis (decoders: vorbis libvorbis ) (encoders: vorbis libvorbis )
  
   ..A.L. voxware              Voxware RT29 Metasound
  
   D.A... wavesynth            Wave synthesis pseudo-codec
  
   DEA.LS wavpack              WavPack
  
   D.A.L. westwood_snd1        Westwood Audio (SND1) (decoders: ws_snd1 )
  
   D.A..S wmalossless          Windows Media Audio Lossless
  
   D.A.L. wmapro               Windows Media Audio 9 Professional
  
   DEA.L. wmav1                Windows Media Audio 1
  
   DEA.L. wmav2                Windows Media Audio 2
  
   D.A.L. wmavoice             Windows Media Audio Voice
  
   D.A.L. xan_dpcm             DPCM Xan
  
   ..D... dvd_nav_packet       DVD Nav packet
  
   ..D... klv                  SMPTE 336M Key-Length-Value (KLV) metadata
  
   DES... ass                  ASS (Advanced SSA) subtitle
  
   DES... dvb_subtitle         DVB subtitles (decoders: dvbsub ) (encoders: dvbsub )
  
   ..S... dvb_teletext         DVB teletext
  
   DES... dvd_subtitle         DVD subtitles (decoders: dvdsub ) (encoders: dvdsub )
  
   ..S... eia_608              EIA-608 closed captions
  
   D.S... hdmv_pgs_subtitle    HDMV Presentation Graphic Stream subtitles (decoders: pgssub )
  
   D.S... jacosub              JACOsub subtitle
  
   D.S... microdvd             MicroDVD subtitle
  
   DES... mov_text             MOV text
  
   D.S... mpl2                 MPL2 subtitle
  
   D.S... pjs                  PJS (Phoenix Japanimation Society) subtitle
  
   D.S... realtext             RealText subtitle
  
   D.S... sami                 SAMI subtitle
  
   DES... srt                  SubRip subtitle with embedded timing
  
   DES... ssa                  SSA (SubStation Alpha) subtitle
  
   DES... subrip               SubRip subtitle
  
   D.S... subviewer            SubViewer subtitle
  
   D.S... subviewer1           SubViewer v1 subtitle
  
   D.S... text                 raw UTF-8 text
  
   D.S... vplayer              VPlayer subtitle
  
   D.S... webvtt               WebVTT subtitle
  
   DES... xsub                 XSUB