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• Investigating Steam for Linux

  1er mars 2013, par Multimedia Mike — Game Hacking

  Valve recently released the final, public version of their Steam client for Linux, and the Linux world rejoiced. At least, it probably did. The announcement was 2 weeks ago on Valentine’s Day and I had other things on my mind, so I missed any fanfare. When framed in this manner, the announcement timing becomes suspect– it’s as though Linux enthusiasts would have plenty of time that day or something.

  
  
  

  Taming the Frontier
  Speculation about a Linux Steam client had been kicking around for nearly as long as Steam has existed. However, sometime last year, the rumors became more substantive.

  I naturally wondered how to port something like Steam to Linux. I have some experience with trying to make a necessarily binary-only program that runs on Linux. I’m fairly well-versed in the assorted technical challenges that one might face when attempting such a feat. Because of this, whenever I hear rumors that a company might be entertaining the notion of porting a major piece of proprietary software to Linux, my instinctive reflex is, “What ?! Why, you fools ?! Save yourselves !”

  At least, that’s how it used to be. The proposal of developing a proprietary binary for Linux has been rendered considerably less insane by a few developments, for example :

  1. The rise of Ubuntu Linux as a quasi de facto standard for desktop Linux computing
  2. The increasing homogeneity in personal desktop computing technology

  What I would like to know is how the Steam client runs on Linux. Does it rely on any libraries being present on the system ? Or does it bring its own ? The latter is a trick that proprietary programs can use– transport all of the shared libraries that the main program binary depends upon, install them someplace out of the way on the filesystem, probably in /opt, and then make the main program a shell script which sets a preload path to rely on the known quantity libraries instead of the copies already on the system.

  Downloading and Installing the Client
  For this exercise, I installed x86_64 desktop Ubuntu 12.04 Linux on a l33t gaming rig that was totally top of the line about 5 years ago, and that someone didn’t want anymore and handed down to me recently. So it should be ideal for this project.

  At first, I was blown away– the Linux client is in a .deb package that is less than 2 MB large. I unpacked the steam.deb file and found a bunch of support libraries — mostly X11 and standard C/C++ runtimes. Just as I suspected. Still, I can’t believe how small the thing is. However, my amazement quickly abated when I actually ran Steam and saw this :

  
  
  

  So it turns out steam.db is just the installer program which immediately proceeds to download an additional 160+ MB of data. So there’s actually a lot more information to possibly sift through.
  
  Another component of the installation is to basically run a big ‘apt-get install’ command to make sure a bunch of required packages are installed :

  
  
  

  After all these installation steps, the client was ready to run. However, whenever I tried to do so, I got this dialog which would cause Steam to close when the dialog was dismissed.

  
  
  

  Not a huge deal ; later NVIDIA drivers are fairly straightforward to install on Ubuntu Linux. After a few minutes of downloading, installing and restarting X, Steam ran with minimal complaint (it still had some issue regarding the video drivers but didn’t seem to consider it a deal-breaker).

  Using Steam on Linux

  So here’s Steam running on Linux :

  
  
  

  If you have experience with using Steam on Windows or Mac, you might observe that it looks exactly the same. I don’t have a very expansive library of games (I only started using Steam because purchasing a few computer components a few years ago entitled me to some free Steam downloads of some of the games on the list in the screenshot). I didn’t really expect any of the games to have Linux versions yet, but it turns out that the indie darling FTL : Faster Than Light has been ported to Linux. FTL was a much-heralded Kickstarter success story and sounded like something I wanted to support. I purchased this from Steam shortly after its release last year and was able to download the Linux version at no additional cost with a single click.

  It runs natively on Linux (note the Ubuntu desktop window decorations) :

  
  
  

  You might notice from the main Steam client that, despite purchasing FTL about a 1/2 year ago and starting it up at least a 1/2 dozen times, I haven’t really invested a whole lot of time into it. I only managed to get about 2 minutes further this time :

  
  
  

  What can I say ? This game just bores me to tears. It’s frustrating because I know that this is one of the cool games that all real gamers are supposed to like, but I practically catch myself nodding off every time I try to run through the tutorial. It’s strange to think that I’ve invested far more time into games that offer considerably less stimulation. That’s probably because I had far more free time compared to gaming options during those times.

  But that’s neither here nor there. We’ll file this under “games that aren’t for me.” I’m glad that people like FTL and a little indie underdog has met with such success. And I’m pleased that Steam on Linux works. It’s native and the games are also native, which is all quite laudable (there was speculation that everything would just be running on top of a Wine layer).

  Deeper Analysis
  So I set out wondering how Steam was able to create a proprietary program that would satisfy a large enough cross-section of Linux users (i.e., on different platforms and distros). Answer : well, they didn’t, per the stated requirements. The installation is only tuned to work on Ubuntu 12.04. However, it works on both 32- and 64-bit platforms, the only 2 desktop CPU platforms that matter these days (unless ARM somehow makes inroads on the desktop). The Steam client is quite clearly an x86_32 binary– look at the terminal screenshot above and observe that it’s downloading all :i386 support libraries.

  The file /usr/bin/steam isn’t a binary but a launcher shell script (something you’ll also see if you investigate /usr/bin/firefox on a Linux system). Here’s an interesting tidbit :

  function detect_platform()
  
    # Maybe be smarter someday
    # Right now this is the only platform we have a bootstrap for, so hard-code it.
    echo ubuntu12_32
  
  

  I wager that it’s possible to get Steam running on other distributions, it probably just takes a little more effort (assuming that Steam doesn’t put too much effort into thwarting such attempts).

  As for the FTL game, it comes with binaries and libraries for both x86_32 and x86_64. So, good work to the dev team for creating and testing both versions. FTL also distributes versions of the libraries it expects to work with.

  I suspect that the Steam client overall is largely a WWW rendering engine underneath the covers. That would help explain how Valve is able to achieve such a consistent look and feel, not only across OS platforms, but also through a web browser. When I browse the Steam store through Google Chrome, it looks and feels exactly like the native desktop client. When I first thought of how someone could port Steam to Linux, I immediately wondered about how they would do the UI.

  A little Googling for “steam uses webkit” (just a hunch) confirms my hypothesis.

• FFmpeg filtergraph memory leak

  5 juillet 2017, par Leif Andersen

  I have an FFmpeg program that :

  1. Demuxes and decodes a video file.
  2. Passes it through a filtergraph
  3. encodes and muxes the new video.

  The filtergraph itself is rather complex, and can be run directly from the command line as such :

  ffmpeg -i demo.mp4 -filter_complex \
  
   "[audio3]atrim=end=30:start=10[audio2];\
  
    [video5]trim=end=30:start=10[video4];[audio2]anull[audio6];\
  
    [video4]scale=width=1920:height=1080[video7];[audio6]anull[audio8];\
  
    [video7]fps=fps=30[video9];[audio8]anull[audio10];\
  
    [video9]format=pix_fmts=yuv420p[video11];\
  
    [audio10]asetpts=expr=PTS-STARTPTS[audio12];\
  
    [video11]setpts=expr=PTS-STARTPTS[video13];\
  
    [audio15]concat=v=0:a=1:n=1[audio14];\
  
    [video17]concat=v=1:a=0:n=1[video16];\
  
    [audio12]afifo[audio15];[video13]fifo[video17];\
  
    [audio14]afifo[audio18];[video16]fifo[video19];\
  
    [audio18]anull[audio20];\
  
    [video19]pad=width=1920:height=1080[video21];\
  
    [audio20]anull[audio22];[video21]fps=fps=25[video23];\
  
    [audio22]aformat=sample_fmts=fltp:sample_rates=44100:channel_layouts=stereo[fa];\
  
    [video23]format=pix_fmts=yuv420p[fv];[0:a]afifo[audio3];\
  
    [0:v]fifo[video5]" \
  
  -map "[fv]" -map "[fa]" out.mp4

  I realize this is a massive filtergraph with a lot of no-op filters, it was autogenerated rather than being hand written. Here is a more cleaner version of the graph. (Its a graphviz file, you can run it in the command line or here.)

  Anyway, when I run the program that uses this filtergraph my memory usage spikes. I end up using about 7 GB of RAM for a 30 second clip. However, when I run the program using the ffmpeg command above, it peaks out at about 600 MB of RAM. This causes me to believe that the problem is not the ungodly size of the filtergraph, but a problem with how my program is using it.

  The program sets up the filtergraph (using av_filter_parse_ptr, giving the filtergraph string shown above), encoder, muxer, decoder, and demuxer, then spawns two threads, one that sends frames into the filtergraph, and one that receives them. The frame that sends them looks something like :

  void decode () {
  
      while(... more_frames ...) {
  
          AVFrame *frame = av_frame_alloc();
  
          ... fill next frame of stream ...
  
          av_buffersrc_write_frame(ctx, frame);
  
          av_frame_free(&frame);
  
      }
  
  }

  (I have elided the av_send_packet/av_receive_frame functions as they don’t seem to be leaking memory. I have also elided the process of flushing the buffersrc as that won’t happen until the end, and the memory spikes long before that.)

  And the encoder thread looks similar :

  void encode() {
  
      while(... nodes_in_graph ...) {
  
          AVFrame *frame = av_frame_alloc();
  
          av_buffersink_get_frame(ctx, frame);
  
          ... ensure frame actually was filled ...
  
          ... send frame to encoder ...
  
          av_frame_free(&frame);
  
      }
  
  }

  As with the decoder, I have elided the send_frame/receive_packet combo as they don’t seem to be leaking memory. Additionally I have elided the details of ensuring that the frame actually was filled. The code loops until the frame eventually does get filled.

  Every frame I allocate I fairly quickly deallocate. I additionally handled all of the error cases that the ffmpeg can give (Elided in the example).

  I have also tried having only one frame for the encoder and one for the decoder (and calling av_frame_unref in each iteration of the loop).

  Am I forgetting to free something, or am I just using the calls to libavfilter incorrectly such that it has to buffer all of the data ? I don’t think the leak is caused by the memory graph because running it from the command line doesn’t seem to cause the same memory explosion.

  FWIW, the actual code is here, although its written in Racket. I do have a minimal example that also seems to duplicate this behavior (modified from the doc/example/filtering_video.c file from the ffmpeg code :

  #include 
  
  
  
  #include <libavcodec></libavcodec>avcodec.h>
  
  #include <libavformat></libavformat>avformat.h>
  
  #include <libavfilter></libavfilter>avfiltergraph.h>
  
  #include <libavfilter></libavfilter>buffersink.h>
  
  #include <libavfilter></libavfilter>buffersrc.h>
  
  #include <libavutil></libavutil>opt.h>
  
  
  
  const char *filter_descr = "trim=start=10:end=30,scale=78:24,transpose=cclock";
  
  
  
  static AVFormatContext *fmt_ctx;
  
  static AVCodecContext *dec_ctx;
  
  AVFilterContext *buffersink_ctx;
  
  AVFilterContext *buffersrc_ctx;
  
  AVFilterGraph *filter_graph;
  
  static int video_stream_index = -1;
  
  static int64_t last_pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
  
  
  
  static int open_input_file(const char *filename)
  
  {
  
      int ret;
  
      AVCodec *dec;
  
  
  
      if ((ret = avformat_open_input(&amp;fmt_ctx, filename, NULL, NULL)) &lt; 0) {
  
          av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot open input file\n");
  
          return ret;
  
      }
  
  
  
      if ((ret = avformat_find_stream_info(fmt_ctx, NULL)) &lt; 0) {
  
          av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot find stream information\n");
  
          return ret;
  
      }
  
  
  
      /* select the video stream */
  
      ret = av_find_best_stream(fmt_ctx, AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, -1, -1, &amp;dec, 0);
  
      if (ret &lt; 0) {
  
          av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot find a video stream in the input file\n");
  
          return ret;
  
      }
  
      video_stream_index = ret;
  
  
  
      /* create decoding context */
  
      dec_ctx = avcodec_alloc_context3(dec);
  
      if (!dec_ctx)
  
          return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
  
      avcodec_parameters_to_context(dec_ctx, fmt_ctx->streams[video_stream_index]->codecpar);
  
      av_opt_set_int(dec_ctx, "refcounted_frames", 1, 0);
  
  
  
      /* init the video decoder */
  
      if ((ret = avcodec_open2(dec_ctx, dec, NULL)) &lt; 0) {
  
          av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot open video decoder\n");
  
          return ret;
  
      }
  
  
  
      return 0;
  
  }
  
  
  
  static int init_filters(const char *filters_descr)
  
  {
  
      char args[512];
  
      int ret = 0;
  
      AVFilter *buffersrc  = avfilter_get_by_name("buffer");
  
      AVFilter *buffersink = avfilter_get_by_name("buffersink");
  
      AVFilterInOut *outputs = avfilter_inout_alloc();
  
      AVFilterInOut *inputs  = avfilter_inout_alloc();
  
      AVRational time_base = fmt_ctx->streams[video_stream_index]->time_base;
  
      enum AVPixelFormat pix_fmts[] = { AV_PIX_FMT_GRAY8, AV_PIX_FMT_NONE };
  
  
  
      filter_graph = avfilter_graph_alloc();
  
      if (!outputs || !inputs || !filter_graph) {
  
          ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
  
          goto end;
  
      }
  
  
  
      /* buffer video source: the decoded frames from the decoder will be inserted here. */
  
      snprintf(args, sizeof(args),
  
              "video_size=%dx%d:pix_fmt=%d:time_base=%d/%d:pixel_aspect=%d/%d",
  
              dec_ctx->width, dec_ctx->height, dec_ctx->pix_fmt,
  
              time_base.num, time_base.den,
  
              dec_ctx->sample_aspect_ratio.num, dec_ctx->sample_aspect_ratio.den);
  
  
  
      ret = avfilter_graph_create_filter(&amp;buffersrc_ctx, buffersrc, "in",
  
                                     args, NULL, filter_graph);
  
      if (ret &lt; 0) {
  
          av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot create buffer source\n");
  
          goto end;
  
      }
  
  
  
      /* buffer video sink: to terminate the filter chain. */
  
      ret = avfilter_graph_create_filter(&amp;buffersink_ctx, buffersink, "out",
  
                                         NULL, NULL, filter_graph);
  
      if (ret &lt; 0) {
  
          av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot create buffer sink\n");
  
          goto end;
  
      }
  
  
  
      ret = av_opt_set_int_list(buffersink_ctx, "pix_fmts", pix_fmts,
  
                                AV_PIX_FMT_NONE, AV_OPT_SEARCH_CHILDREN);
  
      if (ret &lt; 0) {
  
          av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot set output pixel format\n");
  
          goto end;
  
      }
  
  
  
      outputs->name       = av_strdup("in");
  
      outputs->filter_ctx = buffersrc_ctx;
  
      outputs->pad_idx    = 0;
  
      outputs->next       = NULL;
  
      inputs->name       = av_strdup("out");
  
      inputs->filter_ctx = buffersink_ctx;
  
      inputs->pad_idx    = 0;
  
      inputs->next       = NULL;
  
  
  
      if ((ret = avfilter_graph_parse_ptr(filter_graph, filters_descr,
  
                                      &amp;inputs, &amp;outputs, NULL)) &lt; 0)
  
          goto end;
  
  
  
      if ((ret = avfilter_graph_config(filter_graph, NULL)) &lt; 0)
  
          goto end;
  
  
  
  end:
  
      avfilter_inout_free(&amp;inputs);
  
      avfilter_inout_free(&amp;outputs);
  
  
  
      return ret;
  
  }
  
  
  
  int main(int argc, char **argv)
  
  {
  
      int ret;
  
      AVPacket packet;
  
      AVFrame *frame = av_frame_alloc();
  
      AVFrame *filt_frame = av_frame_alloc();
  
  
  
      if (!frame || !filt_frame) {
  
          perror("Could not allocate frame");
  
          exit(1);
  
      }
  
      if (argc != 2) {
  
          fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s file\n", argv[0]);
  
          exit(1);
  
      }
  
  
  
      av_register_all();
  
      avfilter_register_all();
  
  
  
      if ((ret = open_input_file(argv[1])) &lt; 0)
  
          goto end;
  
      if ((ret = init_filters(filter_descr)) &lt; 0)
  
          goto end;
  
  
  
      /* read all packets */
  
      while (1) {
  
          if ((ret = av_read_frame(fmt_ctx, &amp;packet)) &lt; 0)
  
              break;
  
  
  
          if (packet.stream_index == video_stream_index) {
  
              ret = avcodec_send_packet(dec_ctx, &amp;packet);
  
              if (ret &lt; 0) {
  
                  av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Error while sending a packet to the decoder\n");
  
                  break;
  
              }
  
  
  
              while (ret >= 0) {
  
                  ret = avcodec_receive_frame(dec_ctx, frame);
  
                  if (ret == AVERROR(EAGAIN) || ret == AVERROR_EOF) {
  
                      break;
  
                  } else if (ret &lt; 0) {
  
                      av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Error while receiving a frame from the decoder\n");
  
                      goto end;
  
                  }
  
  
  
                  if (ret >= 0) {
  
                       frame->pts = av_frame_get_best_effort_timestamp(frame);
  
  
  
                      /* push the decoded frame into the filtergraph */
  
                      if (av_buffersrc_add_frame_flags(buffersrc_ctx, frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_KEEP_REF) &lt; 0) {
  
                          av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Error while feeding the filtergraph\n");
  
                          break;
  
                      }
  
  
  
                      /* pull filtered frames from the filtergraph */
  
                      while (1) {
  
                          ret = av_buffersink_get_frame(buffersink_ctx, filt_frame);
  
                          if (ret == AVERROR(EAGAIN) || ret == AVERROR_EOF)
  
                              break;
  
                          if (ret &lt; 0)
  
                              goto end;
  
                          av_frame_unref(filt_frame);
  
                      }
  
                      av_frame_unref(frame);
  
                  }
  
              }
  
          }
  
          av_packet_unref(&amp;packet);
  
      }
  
  end:
  
      avfilter_graph_free(&amp;filter_graph);
  
      avcodec_free_context(&amp;dec_ctx);
  
      avformat_close_input(&amp;fmt_ctx);
  
      av_frame_free(&amp;frame);
  
      av_frame_free(&amp;filt_frame);
  
  
  
      return ret;
  
  }

• FFmpeg saturates memory + CPU usage drops to 0% during very basic conversion of PNG files to MP4 video

  7 août 2022, par mattze_frisch

  I have this Python function that runs ffmpeg with minimal options from the Windows command line :

  


  def run_ffmpeg(frames_path, ffmpeg_path=notebook_directory):
    '''
    This function runs ffmpeg.exe to convert PNG image files into a MP4 video.
    
    Parameters
    ----------
    frames_path : string
        Absolute path to the PNG files
    ffmpeg_path : string
        Absolute path to the FFmpeg executable (ffmpeg.exe)
    '''
    
    from subprocess import check_call
    
    
    check_call(
        [
            os.path.join(ffmpeg_path, 'ffmpeg'),
            '-y',    # Overwrite output files without asking
            '-report',    # Write logfile to current working directory
            '-framerate', '60',    # Input frame rate
            '-i', os.path.join(frames_path, 'frame%05d.png'),    # Path to input frames
            os.path.join(frames_path, 'video.mp4')    # Path to store output video
        ]
    )


  


  When running it from a Jupyter notebook over 2500 PNG files (RGBA, ca. 600-700 kB each, 9000 x 13934 pixels), CPU usage briefly peaks to 100% before dropping to 0%, while memory usage quickly saturates to 100% and stays there, slowing the system down almost to a freeze, so I need to terminate ffmpeg from the task manager :

  


  Screenshot

  


  The generated video file has a size of only 48 bytes and contains just a black frame when viewed in the VLC player.

  


  This is the ffmpeg log output :

  


  ffmpeg started on 2022-08-05 at 17:17:55
Report written to "ffmpeg-20220805-171755.log"
Log level: 48
Command line:
"C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\folder\\ffmpeg" -y -report -framerate 60 -i "C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\e\\frame%05d.png" "C:\\Users\\Username\\Desktop\\e\\video.mp4"
ffmpeg version 2022-07-14-git-882aac99d2-full_build-www.gyan.dev Copyright (c) 2000-2022 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 12.1.0 (Rev2, Built by MSYS2 project)
  configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-static --disable-w32threads --disable-autodetect --enable-fontconfig --enable-iconv --enable-gnutls --enable-libxml2 --enable-gmp --enable-bzlib --enable-lzma --enable-libsnappy --enable-zlib --enable-librist --enable-libsrt --enable-libssh --enable-libzmq --enable-avisynth --enable-libbluray --enable-libcaca --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdav1d --enable-libdavs2 --enable-libuavs3d --enable-libzvbi --enable-librav1e --enable-libsvtav1 --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxavs2 --enable-libxvid --enable-libaom --enable-libjxl --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libvpx --enable-mediafoundation --enable-libass --enable-frei0r --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-liblensfun --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-libzimg --enable-amf --enable-cuda-llvm --enable-cuvid --enable-ffnvcodec --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-d3d11va --enable-dxva2 --enable-libmfx --enable-libshaderc --enable-vulkan --enable-libplacebo --ena  libavutil      57. 29.100 / 57. 29.100
  libavcodec     59. 38.100 / 59. 38.100
  libavformat    59. 28.100 / 59. 28.100
  libavdevice    59.  8.100 / 59.  8.100
  libavfilter     8. 45.100 /  8. 45.100
  libswscale      6.  8.100 /  6.  8.100
  libswresample   4.  8.100 /  4.  8.100
  libpostproc    56.  7.100 / 56.  7.100
Splitting the commandline.
Reading option '-y' ... matched as option 'y' (overwrite output files) with argument '1'.
Reading option '-report' ... matched as option 'report' (generate a report) with argument '1'.
Reading option '-framerate' ... matched as AVOption 'framerate' with argument '60'.
Reading option '-i' ... matched as input url with argument 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame%05d.png'.
Reading option 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\video.mp4' ... matched as output url.
Finished splitting the commandline.
Parsing a group of options: global .
Applying option y (overwrite output files) with argument 1.
Applying option report (generate a report) with argument 1.
Successfully parsed a group of options.
Parsing a group of options: input url C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame%05d.png.
Successfully parsed a group of options.
Opening an input file: C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame%05d.png.
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00000.png' for reading
[file @ 0000000000425680] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000042d800] Statistics: 668318 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00001.png' for reading
[file @ 000000000042dac0] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000042d6c0] Statistics: 668371 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00002.png' for reading
[file @ 000000000042d6c0] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000042dac0] Statistics: 669177 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00003.png' for reading
[file @ 000000000042dac0] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 0000000000437a40] Statistics: 684594 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00004.png' for reading
[file @ 0000000000437a40] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 0000000000437c00] Statistics: 703014 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00005.png' for reading
[file @ 0000000000437c00] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 0000000000437d00] Statistics: 721604 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00006.png' for reading
[file @ 0000000000437cc0] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 0000000000437f40] Statistics: 739761 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00007.png' for reading
[file @ 0000000000437f40] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 0000000000438040] Statistics: 757327 bytes read, 0 seeks
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Probe buffer size limit of 5000000 bytes reached
Input #0, image2, from 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame%05d.png':
  Duration: 00:00:41.67, start: 0.000000, bitrate: N/A
  Stream #0:0, 8, 1/60: Video: png, rgba(pc), 9000x13934 [SAR 29528:29528 DAR 4500:6967], 60 fps, 60 tbr, 60 tbn
Successfully opened the file.
Parsing a group of options: output url C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\video.mp4.
Successfully parsed a group of options.
Opening an output file: C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\video.mp4.
[file @ 000000002081e3c0] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
Successfully opened the file.
detected 12 logical cores
Stream mapping:
  Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (png (native) -> h264 (libx264))
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00008.png' for reading
[file @ 00000000024ad980] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 00000000004379c0] Statistics: 767857 bytes read, 0 seeks
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00009.png' for reading
[file @ 000000000042d600] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 00000000004379c0] Statistics: 774848 bytes read, 0 seeks
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00010.png' for reading
[file @ 00000000004379c0] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000042da00] Statistics: 787178 bytes read, 0 seeks
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00011.png' for reading
[file @ 00000000004379c0] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000042da00] Statistics: 797084 bytes read, 0 seeks
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:0 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00012.png' for reading
[file @ 0000000000437a80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000042da00] Statistics: 802870 bytes read, 0 seeks
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 00000000208bf800] Setting 'video_size' to value '9000x13934'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 00000000208bf800] Setting 'pix_fmt' to value '26'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 00000000208bf800] Setting 'time_base' to value '1/60'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 00000000208bf800] Setting 'pixel_aspect' to value '29528/29528'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 00000000208bf800] Setting 'frame_rate' to value '60/1'
[graph 0 input from stream 0:0 @ 00000000208bf800] w:9000 h:13934 pixfmt:rgba tb:1/60 fr:60/1 sar:29528/29528
[format @ 00000000025ef840] Setting 'pix_fmts' to value 'yuv420p|yuvj420p|yuv422p|yuvj422p|yuv444p|yuvj444p|nv12|nv16|nv21|yuv420p10le|yuv422p10le|yuv444p10le|nv20le|gray|gray10le'
[auto_scale_0 @ 00000000025efe40] w:iw h:ih flags:'' interl:0
[format @ 00000000025ef840] auto-inserting filter 'auto_scale_0' between the filter 'Parsed_null_0' and the filter 'format'
[AVFilterGraph @ 000000000042da00] query_formats: 4 queried, 3 merged, 1 already done, 0 delayed
[auto_scale_0 @ 00000000025efe40] picking yuv444p out of 13 ref:rgba alpha:1
[auto_scale_0 @ 00000000025efe40] w:9000 h:13934 fmt:rgba sar:29528/29528 -> w:9000 h:13934 fmt:yuv444p sar:1/1 flags:0x0
[auto_scale_0 @ 00000000025efe40] w:9000 h:13934 fmt:rgba sar:29528/29528 -> w:9000 h:13934 fmt:yuv444p sar:1/1 flags:0x0
[auto_scale_0 @ 00000000025efe40] w:9000 h:13934 fmt:rgba sar:29528/29528 -> w:9000 h:13934 fmt:yuv444p sar:1/1 flags:0x0
[auto_scale_0 @ 00000000025efe40] w:9000 h:13934 fmt:rgba sar:29528/29528 -> w:9000 h:13934 fmt:yuv444p sar:1/1 flags:0x0
[libx264 @ 000000002081d280] using mv_range_thread = 376
[libx264 @ 000000002081d280] using SAR=1/1
[libx264 @ 000000002081d280] frame MB size (563x871) > level limit (139264)
[libx264 @ 000000002081d280] DPB size (4 frames, 1961492 mbs) > level limit (1 frames, 696320 mbs)
[libx264 @ 000000002081d280] MB rate (29422380) > level limit (16711680)
[libx264 @ 000000002081d280] using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 SSE4.2 AVX
[libx264 @ 000000002081d280] profile High 4:4:4 Predictive, level 6.2, 4:4:4, 8-bit
[libx264 @ 000000002081d280] 264 - core 164 r3095 baee400 - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec - Copyleft 2003-2022 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - options: cabac=1 ref=3 deblock=1:0:0 analyse=0x3:0x113 me=hex subme=7 psy=1 psy_rd=1.00:0.00 mixed_ref=1 me_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=1 8x8dct=1 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pskip=1 chroma_qp_offset=4 threads=18 lookahead_threads=3 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decimate=1 interlaced=0 bluray_compat=0 constrained_intra=0 bframes=3 b_pyramid=2 b_adapt=1 b_bias=0 direct=1 weightb=1 open_gop=0 weightp=2 keyint=250 keyint_min=25 scenecut=40 intra_refresh=0 rc_lookahead=40 rc=crf mbtree=1 crf=23.0 qcomp=0.60 qpmin=0 qpmax=69 qpstep=4 ip_ratio=1.40 aq=1:1.00
Output #0, mp4, to 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\video.mp4':
  Metadata:
    encoder         : Lavf59.28.100
  Stream #0:0, 0, 1/15360: Video: h264 (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv444p(tv, progressive), 9000x13934 [SAR 1:1 DAR 4500:6967], q=2-31, 60 fps, 15360 tbn
    Metadata:
      encoder         : Lavc59.38.100 libx264
    Side data:
      cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: N/A
Clipping frame in rate conversion by 0.000008
frame=    1 fps=0.8 q=0.0 size=       0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A speed=   0x    
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00013.png' for reading
[file @ 000000000a6a2180] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 810395 bytes read, 0 seeks
frame=    2 fps=0.8 q=0.0 size=       0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A speed=   0x    
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00014.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 818213 bytes read, 0 seeks
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00015.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 817936 bytes read, 0 seeks
frame=    4 fps=1.2 q=0.0 size=       0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A speed=   0x    
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00016.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 817014 bytes read, 0 seeks
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00017.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 828088 bytes read, 0 seeks
frame=    6 fps=1.5 q=0.0 size=       0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A speed=   0x    
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00018.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 831007 bytes read, 0 seeks
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00019.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 845203 bytes read, 0 seeks
frame=    8 fps=1.7 q=0.0 size=       0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A speed=   0x    
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00020.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 851548 bytes read, 0 seeks
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00021.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 847629 bytes read, 0 seeks
frame=   10 fps=1.8 q=0.0 size=       0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A speed=   0x    
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00022.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 860169 bytes read, 0 seeks
frame=   11 fps=1.4 q=0.0 size=       0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A speed=   0x    
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00023.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 857243 bytes read, 0 seeks
frame=   12 fps=1.2 q=0.0 size=       0kB time=00:00:00.00 bitrate=N/A speed=   0x    
cur_dts is invalid st:0 (0) [init:1 i_done:0 finish:0] (this is harmless if it occurs once at the start per stream)
[image2 @ 000000000041ff80] Opening 'C:\Users\Username\Desktop\e\frame00024.png' for reading
[file @ 000000001ec86c80] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[AVIOContext @ 000000000b38de80] Statistics: 835155 bytes read, 0 seeks


  


  What is the problem ?

  


  By the way, the color model of the image files was confirmed by doing

  


  from PIL import Image


img = Image.open('C:\\Users\\EPI-SMLM\\Desktop\\e\\frame00000.png')
img.mode
-------------------------------------------------------------------
C:\Program Files\Python38\lib\site-packages\PIL\Image.py:3035: DecompressionBombWarning: Image size (125406000 pixels) exceeds limit of 89478485 pixels, could be decompression bomb DOS attack.
  warnings.warn(

'RGBA'


  


  The "decompression bomb warning" appears to be a false alarm/bug.

  


  UPDATE : I can confirm that this happens even when there are only 50 image files, i.e. 50 x 700 kB = 35 MB in total size. ffmpeg still gobbles up all available memory (almost 60 GB of private bytes !!!).

  


  And it also happens if ffmpeg is run from the command line.

  


  This must be a bug !