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  • Encode image to video using ffmpeg (sws_scale)

    26 septembre 2012, par bahar_p

    I'm trying to encode an image to video using ffmpeg library.
    I have these global params :

    //Global params
    AVCodec         *codec;
    AVCodecContext  *codecCtx;
    uint8_t         *output_buffer;
    int             output_buffer_size;

    I divided the encoding to 3 methods :
    Initialize the encoder :

    jint Java_com_camera_simpledoublewebcams2_CameraPreview_initencoder(JNIEnv* env,jobject thiz){
    avcodec_register_all();
    avcodec_init();
    av_register_all();

    int fps = 30;

    /* find the H263 video encoder */
    codec = avcodec_find_encoder(CODEC_ID_H263);
    if (!codec) {
       LOGI("avcodec_find_encoder() run fail.");
       return -5;
    }

    //allocate context
    codecCtx = avcodec_alloc_context();

    /* put sample parameters */
    codecCtx->bit_rate = 400000;
    /* resolution must be a multiple of two */
    codecCtx->width = 176;
    codecCtx->height = 144;
    /* frames per second */
    codecCtx->time_base = (AVRational){1,fps};
    codecCtx->pix_fmt = PIX_FMT_YUV420P;
    codecCtx->codec_id = CODEC_ID_H263;
    codecCtx->codec_type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO;

    /* open it */
    if (avcodec_open(codecCtx, codec) < 0) {
       LOGI("avcodec_open() run fail.");
       return -10;
    }

    //init buffer
    output_buffer_size = 500000;
    output_buffer = malloc(output_buffer_size);

    return 0;

    }

    Encoding the image :

    jint Java_com_camera_simpledoublewebcams2_CameraPreview_encodejpeg(JNIEnv* env,jobject thiz,jchar* cImage, jint imageSize){
    int             out_size;
    AVFrame         *picture;
    AVFrame         *outpic;
    uint8_t         *outbuffer;

    //allocate frame    
    picture = avcodec_alloc_frame();    
    outpic = avcodec_alloc_frame();

    int nbytes = avpicture_get_size(PIX_FMT_YUV420P, codecCtx->width, codecCtx->height);
    outbuffer = (uint8_t*)av_malloc(nbytes);
    outpic->pts = 0;

    //fill picture with image
    avpicture_fill((AVPicture*)picture, (uint8_t*)cImage, PIX_FMT_RGBA, codecCtx->width, codecCtx->height);
    //fill outpic with empty image
    avpicture_fill((AVPicture*)outpic, outbuffer, PIX_FMT_YUV420P, codecCtx->width, codecCtx->height);

    //rescale the image
    struct SwsContext* fooContext = sws_getContext(codecCtx->width, codecCtx->height,
                                                          PIX_FMT_RGBA,
                                                          codecCtx->width, codecCtx->height,
                                                          PIX_FMT_YUV420P,
                                                          SWS_FAST_BILINEAR, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    sws_scale(fooContext, picture->data, picture->linesize, 0, codecCtx->height, outpic->data, outpic->linesize);  

    //encode the image
    out_size = avcodec_encode_video(codecCtx, output_buffer, output_buffer_size, outpic);
    out_size += avcodec_encode_video(codecCtx, output_buffer, output_buffer_size, outpic);

    //release pictures
    av_free(outbuffer);
    av_free(picture);
    av_free(outpic);

    return out_size;

    }

    And closing the encoder :

    void Java_com_camera_simpledoublewebcams2_CameraPreview_closeencoder(JNIEnv* env,jobject thiz){
    free(output_buffer);
    avcodec_close(codecCtx);
    av_free(codecCtx);

    }

    When I send the first image, I get a result from the encoder. When I try to send another image the program crashes.
    I tried calling init once and then the images, then the close - didn't work.
    I tried calling the init and the close for every image - didn't work.

    Any suggestions ?

    Thanks !

    EDIT : After further research I found that the problem is at sws_scale method.
    Still don't know what is causing this issue...

  • Why decoding frames from avi container and encode them to h264/mp4 doesn't work ?

    28 novembre 2013, par theateist

    I started using ffmpeg and I want to convert avi file to mp4/h264 file. I've read many posts including this, but I couldn't find any good example how to save frames to mp4 file. The code below is simplified one that decodes frames from avi file and encode it to H264/mp4 file, but when I save the frames the mp4 file cannot be played. I think I do somethinkg wrong in encoding

    I will appreciate if you could tell me what is wrong and how to fix it.

    const char* aviFileName = "aviFrom.avi";
    const char* mp4FileName = "mp4To.mp4";

    // Filling pFormatCtx by open video file and Retrieve stream information
    // ...
    // Retrieving codecCtxDecode and opening codecDecode
    //...


    // Get encoder
    codecCtxEncode = avcodec_alloc_context();  
    codecCtxEncode->qmax = 69;
    codecCtxEncode->max_qdiff = 4;
    codecCtxEncode->bit_rate = 400000;
    codecCtxEncode->width = codecCtxDecode->width;
    codecCtxEncode->height = codecCtxDecode->height;
    codecCtxEncode->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;  
    codecEncode = avcodec_find_encoder(CODEC_ID_H264);
    if(codecEncode == NULL)
       return -1;  
    if(avcodec_open2(codecCtxEncode, codecEncode, NULL))
       return -1;

    SwsContext *sws_ctx = sws_getContext(codecCtxDecode->width, codecCtxDecode->height, codecCtxDecode->pix_fmt,
                               codecCtxDecode->width, codecCtxDecode->height, AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P,
                               SWS_BILINEAR, NULL, NULL, NULL);

    // Allocate an AVFrame structure    
    frameDecoded = avcodec_alloc_frame();
    frameEncoded = avcodec_alloc_frame();    

    avpicture_alloc((AVPicture *)frameEncoded, AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P, codecCtxDecode->width, codecCtxDecode->height);

    while(av_read_frame(pFormatCtx, &packet)>=0)
    {      
       // Is this a packet from the video stream?
       if(packet.stream_index==videoStreamIndex) {
           avcodec_decode_video2(codecCtxDecode, frameDecoded, &frameFinished, &packet);
           // Did we get a video frame?
           if(frameFinished)
           {          
               fwrite(packet.data, packet.size,
               sws_scale(sws_ctx, frameDecoded->data, frameDecoded->linesize, 0, codecCtxDecode->height,
                           frameEncoded->data, frameEncoded->linesize);



               int64_t pts = packet.pts;
               av_free_packet(&packet);
               av_init_packet(&packet);
               packet.data = NULL;
               packet.size = 0;    
               frameEncoded->pts = pts;                

               int failed = avcodec_encode_video2(codecCtxEncode, &packet, frameEncoded, &got_output);
               if(failed)
               {
                   exit(1);
               }
               fwrite(packet.data,1,packet.size, mp4File);
           }
       }

       av_free_packet(&packet);
    }
  • Getting shifted timestamps when encoding a fragmented h264 mp4 with ffmpeg

    14 septembre 2022, par Martin Castin

    I am trying to encode a fragmented h264 mp4 with ffmpeg. I tried the following command :

    


    ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -movflags +frag_keyframe+separate_moof+omit_tfhd_offset+empty_moov output.mp4


    


    It does give me a fragmented mp4 but the timestamps of the frames seem to be shifted by 0.04s when I read the video with mpv. The first frame has a timestamp of 0.04s instead of 0s, as in the input video (1920x1080, 50 fps). I encountered the problem both with ffmpeg 5.1 and ffmpeg 3.4.11.

    


    I tried to add several flags, as -avoid_negative_ts make_zero or -copyts -output_ts_offset -0.04, but it did not help.

    


    I am also trying to achieve this using the ffmpeg libav libraries in C++ but did not get to better result. Here are the code fragments I used.

    


     avformat_alloc_output_context2(&oc, NULL, NULL, filename);

 if (oc_->oformat->flags & AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER) {
    codecCtx_->flags |= AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;
 }
...
 AVDictionary* opts = NULL;

 av_dict_set(&opts, "movflags", "frag_keyframe+separate_moof+omit_tfhd_offset+empty_moov", 0);

 ret = avformat_write_header(oc_, &opts);


    


    Do you know how to avoid this behaviour of shifted timestamps for fragmented mp4, either with ffmpeg or libav ?

    


    Edit : example videos and complete code example

    


    I also tried with the following ffmpeg build

    


    ffmpeg version 5.0.1-static https://johnvansickle.com/ffmpeg/  Copyright (c) 2000-2022 the FFmpeg developers
built with gcc 8 (Debian 8.3.0-6)
configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-static --disable-debug --disable-ffplay --disable-indev=sndio --disable-outdev=sndio --cc=gcc --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gnutls --enable-gmp --enable-libgme --enable-gray --enable-libaom --enable-libfribidi --enable-libass --enable-libvmaf --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-librubberband --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libsrt --enable-libvorbis --enable-libopus --enable-libtheora --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libvpx --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxml2 --enable-libdav1d --enable-libxvid --enable-libzvbi --enable-libzimg
libavutil      57. 17.100 / 57. 17.100
libavcodec     59. 18.100 / 59. 18.100
libavformat    59. 16.100 / 59. 16.100
libavdevice    59.  4.100 / 59.  4.100
libavfilter     8. 24.100 /  8. 24.100
libswscale      6.  4.100 /  6.  4.100
libswresample   4.  3.100 /  4.  3.100
libpostproc    56.  3.100 / 56.  3.100


    


    and with the sintel trailer as input video, which is 24fps, and I thus get a timeshift of 83ms. Here is the output I get.

    


    Here is a complete code example, slightly adapted from the muxing.c ffmpeg example (audio removed and adapted for c++). This code shows exactly the same problem.

    


    You can just comment the line 383 (that is calling av_dict_set) to switch back to a not fragmented mp4 that will not have the timestamp shift.

    


    /*&#xA; * Copyright (c) 2003 Fabrice Bellard&#xA; *&#xA; * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy&#xA; * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal&#xA; * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights&#xA; * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell&#xA; * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is&#xA; * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:&#xA; *&#xA; * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in&#xA; * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.&#xA; *&#xA; * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR&#xA; * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,&#xA; * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL&#xA; * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER&#xA; * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,&#xA; * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN&#xA; * THE SOFTWARE.&#xA; */&#xA;&#xA;/**&#xA; * @file&#xA; * libavformat API example.&#xA; *&#xA; * Output a media file in any supported libavformat format. The default&#xA; * codecs are used.&#xA; * @example muxing.c&#xA; */&#xA;&#xA;#include <cstdlib>&#xA;#include <cstdio>&#xA;#include <cstring>&#xA;#include <cmath>&#xA;&#xA;extern "C"&#xA;{&#xA;#define __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS&#xA;#include <libavutil></libavutil>avassert.h>&#xA;#include <libavutil></libavutil>channel_layout.h>&#xA;#include <libavutil></libavutil>opt.h>&#xA;#include <libavutil></libavutil>mathematics.h>&#xA;#include <libavutil></libavutil>timestamp.h>&#xA;#include <libavcodec></libavcodec>avcodec.h>&#xA;#include <libavformat></libavformat>avformat.h>&#xA;#include <libswscale></libswscale>swscale.h>&#xA;#include <libswresample></libswresample>swresample.h>&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;#define STREAM_DURATION   10.0&#xA;#define STREAM_FRAME_RATE 25 /* 25 images/s */&#xA;#define STREAM_PIX_FMT    AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P /* default pix_fmt */&#xA;&#xA;#define SCALE_FLAGS SWS_BICUBIC&#xA;&#xA;// a wrapper around a single output AVStream&#xA;typedef struct OutputStream {&#xA;  AVStream *st;&#xA;  AVCodecContext *enc;&#xA;&#xA;  /* pts of the next frame that will be generated */&#xA;  int64_t next_pts;&#xA;  int samples_count;&#xA;&#xA;  AVFrame *frame;&#xA;  AVFrame *tmp_frame;&#xA;&#xA;  AVPacket *tmp_pkt;&#xA;&#xA;  float t, tincr, tincr2;&#xA;&#xA;  struct SwsContext *sws_ctx;&#xA;  struct SwrContext *swr_ctx;&#xA;} OutputStream;&#xA;&#xA;static void log_packet(const AVFormatContext *fmt_ctx, const AVPacket *pkt)&#xA;{&#xA;  AVRational *time_base = &amp;fmt_ctx->streams[pkt->stream_index]->time_base;&#xA;&#xA;//  printf("pts:%s pts_time:%s dts:%s dts_time:%s duration:%s duration_time:%s stream_index:%d\n",&#xA;//         av_ts2str(pkt->pts), av_ts2timestr(pkt->pts, time_base),&#xA;//         av_ts2str(pkt->dts), av_ts2timestr(pkt->dts, time_base),&#xA;//         av_ts2str(pkt->duration), av_ts2timestr(pkt->duration, time_base),&#xA;//         pkt->stream_index);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;static int write_frame(AVFormatContext *fmt_ctx, AVCodecContext *c,&#xA;                       AVStream *st, AVFrame *frame, AVPacket *pkt)&#xA;{&#xA;  int ret;&#xA;&#xA;  // send the frame to the encoder&#xA;  ret = avcodec_send_frame(c, frame);&#xA;  if (ret &lt; 0) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Error sending a frame to the encoder");&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  while (ret >= 0) {&#xA;    ret = avcodec_receive_packet(c, pkt);&#xA;    if (ret == AVERROR(EAGAIN) || ret == AVERROR_EOF)&#xA;      break;&#xA;    else if (ret &lt; 0) {&#xA;      fprintf(stderr, "Error encoding a frame\n");&#xA;      exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    /* rescale output packet timestamp values from codec to stream timebase */&#xA;    av_packet_rescale_ts(pkt, c->time_base, st->time_base);&#xA;    pkt->stream_index = st->index;&#xA;&#xA;    /* Write the compressed frame to the media file. */&#xA;    log_packet(fmt_ctx, pkt);&#xA;    ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(fmt_ctx, pkt);&#xA;    /* pkt is now blank (av_interleaved_write_frame() takes ownership of&#xA;     * its contents and resets pkt), so that no unreferencing is necessary.&#xA;     * This would be different if one used av_write_frame(). */&#xA;    if (ret &lt; 0) {&#xA;      fprintf(stderr, "Error while writing output packet\n");&#xA;      exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  return ret == AVERROR_EOF ? 1 : 0;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;/* Add an output stream. */&#xA;static void add_stream(OutputStream *ost, AVFormatContext *oc,&#xA;                       const AVCodec **codec,&#xA;                       enum AVCodecID codec_id)&#xA;{&#xA;  AVCodecContext *c;&#xA;  int i;&#xA;&#xA;  /* find the encoder */&#xA;  *codec = avcodec_find_encoder(codec_id);&#xA;  if (!(*codec)) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Could not find encoder for &#x27;%s&#x27;\n",&#xA;            avcodec_get_name(codec_id));&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  ost->tmp_pkt = av_packet_alloc();&#xA;  if (!ost->tmp_pkt) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate AVPacket\n");&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  ost->st = avformat_new_stream(oc, NULL);&#xA;  if (!ost->st) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate stream\n");&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;  ost->st->id = oc->nb_streams-1;&#xA;  c = avcodec_alloc_context3(*codec);&#xA;  if (!c) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Could not alloc an encoding context\n");&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;  ost->enc = c;&#xA;&#xA;  switch ((*codec)->type) {&#xA;    case AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO:&#xA;      c->codec_id = codec_id;&#xA;&#xA;      c->bit_rate = 400000;&#xA;      /* Resolution must be a multiple of two. */&#xA;      c->width    = 352;&#xA;      c->height   = 288;&#xA;      /* timebase: This is the fundamental unit of time (in seconds) in terms&#xA;       * of which frame timestamps are represented. For fixed-fps content,&#xA;       * timebase should be 1/framerate and timestamp increments should be&#xA;       * identical to 1. */&#xA;      ost->st->time_base = (AVRational){ 1, STREAM_FRAME_RATE };&#xA;      c->time_base       = ost->st->time_base;&#xA;&#xA;      c->gop_size      = 12; /* emit one intra frame every twelve frames at most */&#xA;      c->pix_fmt       = STREAM_PIX_FMT;&#xA;      if (c->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_MPEG2VIDEO) {&#xA;        /* just for testing, we also add B-frames */&#xA;        c->max_b_frames = 2;&#xA;      }&#xA;      if (c->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_MPEG1VIDEO) {&#xA;        /* Needed to avoid using macroblocks in which some coeffs overflow.&#xA;         * This does not happen with normal video, it just happens here as&#xA;         * the motion of the chroma plane does not match the luma plane. */&#xA;        c->mb_decision = 2;&#xA;      }&#xA;      break;&#xA;&#xA;    default:&#xA;      break;&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  /* Some formats want stream headers to be separate. */&#xA;  if (oc->oformat->flags &amp; AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER)&#xA;    c->flags |= AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;/**************************************************************/&#xA;/* video output */&#xA;&#xA;static AVFrame *alloc_picture(enum AVPixelFormat pix_fmt, int width, int height)&#xA;{&#xA;  AVFrame *picture;&#xA;  int ret;&#xA;&#xA;  picture = av_frame_alloc();&#xA;  if (!picture)&#xA;    return NULL;&#xA;&#xA;  picture->format = pix_fmt;&#xA;  picture->width  = width;&#xA;  picture->height = height;&#xA;&#xA;  /* allocate the buffers for the frame data */&#xA;  ret = av_frame_get_buffer(picture, 0);&#xA;  if (ret &lt; 0) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate frame data.\n");&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  return picture;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;static void open_video(AVFormatContext *oc, const AVCodec *codec,&#xA;                       OutputStream *ost, AVDictionary *opt_arg)&#xA;{&#xA;  int ret;&#xA;  AVCodecContext *c = ost->enc;&#xA;  AVDictionary *opt = NULL;&#xA;&#xA;  av_dict_copy(&amp;opt, opt_arg, 0);&#xA;&#xA;  /* open the codec */&#xA;  ret = avcodec_open2(c, codec, &amp;opt);&#xA;  av_dict_free(&amp;opt);&#xA;  if (ret &lt; 0) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Could not open video codec\n");&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  /* allocate and init a re-usable frame */&#xA;  ost->frame = alloc_picture(c->pix_fmt, c->width, c->height);&#xA;  if (!ost->frame) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate video frame\n");&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  /* If the output format is not YUV420P, then a temporary YUV420P&#xA;   * picture is needed too. It is then converted to the required&#xA;   * output format. */&#xA;  ost->tmp_frame = NULL;&#xA;  if (c->pix_fmt != AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P) {&#xA;    ost->tmp_frame = alloc_picture(AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P, c->width, c->height);&#xA;    if (!ost->tmp_frame) {&#xA;      fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate temporary picture\n");&#xA;      exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  /* copy the stream parameters to the muxer */&#xA;  ret = avcodec_parameters_from_context(ost->st->codecpar, c);&#xA;  if (ret &lt; 0) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Could not copy the stream parameters\n");&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;/* Prepare a dummy image. */&#xA;static void fill_yuv_image(AVFrame *pict, int frame_index,&#xA;                           int width, int height)&#xA;{&#xA;  int x, y, i;&#xA;&#xA;  i = frame_index;&#xA;&#xA;  /* Y */&#xA;  for (y = 0; y &lt; height; y&#x2B;&#x2B;)&#xA;    for (x = 0; x &lt; width; x&#x2B;&#x2B;)&#xA;      pict->data[0][y * pict->linesize[0] &#x2B; x] = x &#x2B; y &#x2B; i * 3;&#xA;&#xA;  /* Cb and Cr */&#xA;  for (y = 0; y &lt; height / 2; y&#x2B;&#x2B;) {&#xA;    for (x = 0; x &lt; width / 2; x&#x2B;&#x2B;) {&#xA;      pict->data[1][y * pict->linesize[1] &#x2B; x] = 128 &#x2B; y &#x2B; i * 2;&#xA;      pict->data[2][y * pict->linesize[2] &#x2B; x] = 64 &#x2B; x &#x2B; i * 5;&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;static AVFrame *get_video_frame(OutputStream *ost)&#xA;{&#xA;  AVCodecContext *c = ost->enc;&#xA;&#xA;  /* check if we want to generate more frames */&#xA;  if (av_compare_ts(ost->next_pts, c->time_base,&#xA;                    STREAM_DURATION, (AVRational){ 1, 1 }) > 0)&#xA;    return NULL;&#xA;&#xA;  /* when we pass a frame to the encoder, it may keep a reference to it&#xA;   * internally; make sure we do not overwrite it here */&#xA;  if (av_frame_make_writable(ost->frame) &lt; 0)&#xA;    exit(1);&#xA;&#xA;  if (c->pix_fmt != AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P) {&#xA;    /* as we only generate a YUV420P picture, we must convert it&#xA;     * to the codec pixel format if needed */&#xA;    if (!ost->sws_ctx) {&#xA;      ost->sws_ctx = sws_getContext(c->width, c->height,&#xA;                                    AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P,&#xA;                                    c->width, c->height,&#xA;                                    c->pix_fmt,&#xA;                                    SCALE_FLAGS, NULL, NULL, NULL);&#xA;      if (!ost->sws_ctx) {&#xA;        fprintf(stderr,&#xA;                "Could not initialize the conversion context\n");&#xA;        exit(1);&#xA;      }&#xA;    }&#xA;    fill_yuv_image(ost->tmp_frame, ost->next_pts, c->width, c->height);&#xA;    sws_scale(ost->sws_ctx, (const uint8_t * const *) ost->tmp_frame->data,&#xA;              ost->tmp_frame->linesize, 0, c->height, ost->frame->data,&#xA;              ost->frame->linesize);&#xA;  } else {&#xA;    fill_yuv_image(ost->frame, ost->next_pts, c->width, c->height);&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  ost->frame->pts = ost->next_pts&#x2B;&#x2B;;&#xA;&#xA;  return ost->frame;&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;/*&#xA; * encode one video frame and send it to the muxer&#xA; * return 1 when encoding is finished, 0 otherwise&#xA; */&#xA;static int write_video_frame(AVFormatContext *oc, OutputStream *ost)&#xA;{&#xA;  return write_frame(oc, ost->enc, ost->st, get_video_frame(ost), ost->tmp_pkt);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;static void close_stream(AVFormatContext *oc, OutputStream *ost)&#xA;{&#xA;  avcodec_free_context(&amp;ost->enc);&#xA;  av_frame_free(&amp;ost->frame);&#xA;  av_frame_free(&amp;ost->tmp_frame);&#xA;  av_packet_free(&amp;ost->tmp_pkt);&#xA;  sws_freeContext(ost->sws_ctx);&#xA;  swr_free(&amp;ost->swr_ctx);&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;/**************************************************************/&#xA;/* media file output */&#xA;&#xA;int main(int argc, char **argv)&#xA;{&#xA;  OutputStream video_st = { 0 }, audio_st = { 0 };&#xA;  const AVOutputFormat *fmt;&#xA;  const char *filename;&#xA;  AVFormatContext *oc;&#xA;  const AVCodec *audio_codec, *video_codec;&#xA;  int ret;&#xA;  int have_video = 0, have_audio = 0;&#xA;  int encode_video = 0, encode_audio = 0;&#xA;  AVDictionary *opt = NULL;&#xA;  int i;&#xA;&#xA;  if (argc &lt; 2) {&#xA;    printf("usage: %s output_file\n"&#xA;           "API example program to output a media file with libavformat.\n"&#xA;           "This program generates a synthetic audio and video stream, encodes and\n"&#xA;           "muxes them into a file named output_file.\n"&#xA;           "The output format is automatically guessed according to the file extension.\n"&#xA;           "Raw images can also be output by using &#x27;%%d&#x27; in the filename.\n"&#xA;           "\n", argv[0]);&#xA;    return 1;&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  filename = argv[1];&#xA;&#xA;  av_dict_set(&amp;opt, "movflags", "frag_keyframe&#x2B;separate_moof&#x2B;omit_tfhd_offset&#x2B;empty_moov", 0);&#xA;&#xA;  /* allocate the output media context */&#xA;  avformat_alloc_output_context2(&amp;oc, NULL, NULL, filename);&#xA;  if (!oc) {&#xA;    printf("Could not deduce output format from file extension: using MPEG.\n");&#xA;    avformat_alloc_output_context2(&amp;oc, NULL, "mpeg", filename);&#xA;  }&#xA;  if (!oc)&#xA;    return 1;&#xA;&#xA;  fmt = oc->oformat;&#xA;&#xA;  /* Add the audio and video streams using the default format codecs&#xA;   * and initialize the codecs. */&#xA;  if (fmt->video_codec != AV_CODEC_ID_NONE) {&#xA;    add_stream(&amp;video_st, oc, &amp;video_codec, fmt->video_codec);&#xA;    have_video = 1;&#xA;    encode_video = 1;&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  /* Now that all the parameters are set, we can open the audio and&#xA;   * video codecs and allocate the necessary encode buffers. */&#xA;  if (have_video)&#xA;    open_video(oc, video_codec, &amp;video_st, opt);&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;  av_dump_format(oc, 0, filename, 1);&#xA;&#xA;  /* open the output file, if needed */&#xA;  if (!(fmt->flags &amp; AVFMT_NOFILE)) {&#xA;    ret = avio_open(&amp;oc->pb, filename, AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);&#xA;    if (ret &lt; 0) {&#xA;      fprintf(stderr, "Could not open &#x27;%s&#x27;\n", filename);&#xA;      return 1;&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  /* Write the stream header, if any. */&#xA;  ret = avformat_write_header(oc, &amp;opt);&#xA;  if (ret &lt; 0) {&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, "Error occurred when opening output file\n");&#xA;    return 1;&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  while (encode_video || encode_audio) {&#xA;    /* select the stream to encode */&#xA;    if (encode_video &amp;&amp;&#xA;        (!encode_audio || av_compare_ts(video_st.next_pts, video_st.enc->time_base,&#xA;                                        audio_st.next_pts, audio_st.enc->time_base) &lt;= 0)) {&#xA;      encode_video = !write_video_frame(oc, &amp;video_st);&#xA;    }&#xA;  }&#xA;&#xA;  av_write_trailer(oc);&#xA;&#xA;  /* Close each codec. */&#xA;  if (have_video)&#xA;    close_stream(oc, &amp;video_st);&#xA;  if (have_audio)&#xA;    close_stream(oc, &amp;audio_st);&#xA;&#xA;  if (!(fmt->flags &amp; AVFMT_NOFILE))&#xA;    /* Close the output file. */&#xA;    avio_closep(&amp;oc->pb);&#xA;&#xA;  /* free the stream */&#xA;  avformat_free_context(oc);&#xA;&#xA;  return 0;&#xA;}&#xA;</cmath></cstring></cstdio></cstdlib>

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