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• Assembling frames into a video in Node.js using fluent-ffmpeg [closed]

  14 novembre 2024, par Andrei

  I have the original video and it's modified frames in a folder. Now I want to assemble the modified frames into a new video. I also want to take the audio from the original video and add it to the new video.

  


  My latest code is this using fluent-ffmpeg. But it's not working.

  


  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  ffmpeg(path.join(processedFramesDir, "frame-%d.png"))
    .inputOptions(["-framerate 30", "-start_number 1"])
    .input(videoPath)
    .outputOptions([
      "-c:v",
      "libx264",
      "-c:a",
      "copy",
      "-shortest",
      "-r",
      "30",
      "-pix_fmt",
      "yuv420p",
    ])
    .outputOptions(["-map 0:v:0", "-map 1:a:0"])
    .save(outputVideoPath)
    .on("start", (commandLine) => {
      console.log("FFmpeg command: " + commandLine);
    })
    .on("stderr", (stderrLine) => {
      console.log("FFmpeg stderr: " + stderrLine);
    })
    .on("end", resolve)
    .on("error", (err, stdout, stderr) => {
      console.error("Error assembling video:", err);
      console.error("FFmpeg stderr:", stderr);
      reject(err);
    });
});


  


  I get this error even though the frames exist and they are valid pngs :
FFmpeg command: ffmpeg -framerate 30 -start_number 1 -i /tmp/video-processing-CyULOE/processedFrames/frame-%05d.png -i /tmp/video-processing-CyULOE/input.mp4 -y -c:v libx264 -c:a copy -shortest -r 30 -pix_fmt yuv420p -map 0:v:0 -map 1:a:0 /tmp/video-processing-CyULOE/output.mp4 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: ffmpeg version 4.1.11-0&#x2B;deb10u1 Copyright (c) 2000-2023 the FFmpeg developers 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   built with gcc 8 (Debian 8.3.0-6) 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   configuration: --prefix=/usr --extra-version=0&#x2B;deb10u1 --toolchain=hardened --libdir=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu --incdir=/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu --arch=amd64 --enable-gpl --disable-stripping --enable-avresample --disable-filter=resample --enable-avisynth --enable-gnutls --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libbs2b --enable-libcaca --enable-libcdio --enable-libcodec2 --enable-libflite --enable-libfontconfig --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgme --enable-libgsm --enable-libjack --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libmysofa --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-librsvg --enable-librubberband --enable-libshine --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwavpack --enable-libwebp --enable-libx265 --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzmq --enable-libzvbi --enable-lv2 --enable-omx --enable-openal --enable-opengl --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdc1394 --enable-libdrm --enable-libiec61883 --enable-chromaprint --enable-frei0r --enable-libx264 --enable-shared 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libavutil      56. 22.100 / 56. 22.100 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libavcodec     58. 35.100 / 58. 35.100 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libavformat    58. 20.100 / 58. 20.100 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libavdevice    58.  5.100 / 58.  5.100 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libavfilter     7. 40.101 /  7. 40.101 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libavresample   4.  0.  0 /  4.  0.  0 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libswscale      5.  3.100 /  5.  3.100 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libswresample   3.  3.100 /  3.  3.100 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   libpostproc    55.  3.100 / 55.  3.100 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646F8A20000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646C89F0000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x524946464EA10000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x5249464628A40000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646AAA30000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x524946467CA10000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646AAA30000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646BAA10000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646ACA30000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x5249464670A80000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646E8A60000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x524946469AA60000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x5249464672A90000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646B8A50000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646AAA80000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646A0A70000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:     Last message repeated 1 times 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb89a880] Invalid PNG signature 0x5249464646A80000. 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [image2 @ 0x5630fb898a40] decoding for stream 0 failed 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: [image2 @ 0x5630fb898a40] Could not find codec parameters for stream 0 (Video: png, none(pc)): unspecified size 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: Consider increasing the value for the &#x27;analyzeduration&#x27; and &#x27;probesize&#x27; options 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr: Input #0, image2, from &#x27;/tmp/video-processing-CyULOE/processedFrames/frame-%05d.png&#x27;: 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:   Duration: 00:00:00.60, start: 0.000000, bitrate: N/A 2024-11-13 23:40:27 FFmpeg stderr:     Stream #0:0: Video: png, none(pc), 30 fps, 30 tbr, 30 tbn, 30 tbc 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Input #1, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from &#x27;/tmp/video-processing-CyULOE/input.mp4&#x27;: 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:   Metadata: 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     major_brand     : isom 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     minor_version   : 512 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     encoder         : Lavf60.16.100 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:   Duration: 00:00:00.62, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 4289 kb/s 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     Stream #1:0(und): Video: h264 (High) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p(tv, bt709), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 4395 kb/s, 30 fps, 30 tbr, 15360 tbn, 60 tbc (default) 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     Metadata: 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:       handler_name    : VideoHandler 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     Stream #1:1(und): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 2 kb/s (default) 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     Metadata: 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:       handler_name    : SoundHandler 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Stream mapping: 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:   Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (png (native) -> h264 (libx264)) 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:   Stream #1:1 -> #0:1 (copy) 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Press [q] to stop, [?] for help 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [image2 @ 0x5630fb898a40] Thread message queue blocking; consider raising the thread_queue_size option (current value: 8) 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb9b7700] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646F8A20000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb988dc0] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646C89F0000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fba3edc0] Invalid PNG signature 0x524946464EA10000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fba40600] Invalid PNG signature 0x5249464628A40000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb8c7900] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646AAA30000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb9b7700] Invalid PNG signature 0x524946467CA10000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb988dc0] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646AAA30000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fba3edc0] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646BAA10000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fba40600] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646ACA30000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     Last message repeated 1 times 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb8c7900] Invalid PNG signature 0x5249464670A80000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb9b7700] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646E8A60000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb988dc0] Invalid PNG signature 0x524946469AA60000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fba3edc0] Invalid PNG signature 0x5249464672A90000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fba40600] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646B8A50000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb8c7900] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646AAA80000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb9b7700] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646A0A70000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fb988dc0] Invalid PNG signature 0x52494646A0A70000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: [png @ 0x5630fba3edc0] Invalid PNG signature 0x5249464646A80000. 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error while decoding stream #0:0: Invalid data found when processing input 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:     Last message repeated 4 times 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Cannot determine format of input stream 0:0 after EOF 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Error marking filters as finished 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr: Conversion failed! 2024-11-13 23:40:28 FFmpeg stderr:  2024-11-13 23:40:28 Error assembling video: Error: ffmpeg exited with code 1: Cannot determine format of input stream 0:0 after EOF 2024-11-13 23:40:28 Error marking filters as finished 2024-11-13 23:40:28 Conversion failed! 2024-11-13 23:40:28  2024-11-13 23:40:28     at ChildProcess.<anonymous> (/usr/src/app/node_modules/fluent-ffmpeg/lib/processor.js:180:22) 2024-11-13 23:40:28     at ChildProcess.emit (node:events:519:28) 2024-11-13 23:40:28     at ChildProcess._handle.onexit (node:internal/child_process:294:12)</anonymous>

  


  The code used to

  


  ffmpeg(videoPath) .screenshots({ folder: framesDir, filename: "frame-%i.png", size: "?x1080", count: 10, }) .on("end", resolve) .on("error", reject);


  


  The pngs are valid and displaying in windows photos viewer

  


• A Quick Start Guide to the Payment Services Directive (PSD2)

  22 novembre 2024, par Daniel Crough — Banking and Financial Services, Privacy

  In 2023, there were 266.2 billion real-time payments indicating that the demand for secure transactions has never been higher. As we move towards a more open banking system, there are a host of new payment solutions that offer convenience and efficiency, but they also present new risks.

  The Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) is one of many regulations established to address these concerns. PSD2 is a European Union (EU) business initiative to offer smooth payment experiences while helping customers feel safe from online threats. 

  In this post, learn what PSD2 includes, how it improves security for online payments, and how Matomo supports banks and financial institutions with PSD2 compliance.

  What is PSD2 ? 

  PSD2 is an EU directive that aims to improve the security of electronic payments across the EU. It enforces strong customer authentication and allows third-party access to consumer accounts with explicit consent. 

  Its main objectives are :

  • Strengthening security and data privacy measures around digital payments.
  • Encouraging innovation by allowing third-party providers access to banking data.
  • Improving transparency with clear communication regarding fees, terms and conditions associated with payment services.
  • Establishing a framework for sharing customer data securely through APIs for PSD2 open banking.

  Rationale behind PSD2 

  PSD2’s primary purpose is to engineer a more integrated and efficient European payment market without compromising the security of online transactions. 

  The original directive aimed to standardise payment services across EU member states, but as technology evolved, an updated version was needed.

  PSD2 is mandatory for various entities within the European Economic Area (EEA), like :

  • Banks and credit institutions
  • Electronic money institutions or digital banks like Revolut
  • Card issuing and acquiring institutions
  • Fintech companies
  • Multi-national organisations operating in the EU

  PSD2 implementation timeline

  With several important milestones, PSD2 has reshaped how payment services work in Europe. Here’s a closer look at the pivotal events that paved the way for its launch.

  • 2002 : The banking industry creates the European Payments Council (EC), which drives the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) initiative to include non-cash payment instruments across European regions. 
  • 2007 : PSD1 goes into effect.
  • 2013 : EC proposes PSD2 to include protocols for upcoming payment services.
  • 2015 : The Council of European Union passes PSD2 and gives member states two years to incorporate it.
  • 2018 : PSD2 goes into effect. 
  • 2019 : The final deadline for all companies within the EU to comply with PSD2’s regulations and rules for strong customer authentication. 

  PSD2 : Key components 

  PSD2 introduces several key components. Let’s take a look at each one.

  Strong Customer Authentication (SCA)

  The Regulatory Technical Standards (RTS) under PSD2 outline specific requirements for SCA. 

  SCA requires multi-factor authentication for online transactions. When customers make a payment online, they need to verify their identity using at least two of the three following elements :

  • Knowledge : Something they know (like a password, a code or a secret answer)
  • Possession : Something they have (like their phone or card)
  • Inherence : Something they are (like biometrics — fingerprints or facial features)

  

  Before SCA, banks verified an individual’s identity only using a password. This dual verification allows only authorised users to complete transactions. SCA implementation reduces fraud and increases the security of electronic payments.

  SCA implementation varies for different payment methods. Debit and credit cards use the 3D Secure (3DS) protocol. E-wallets and other local payment measures often have their own SCA-compliant steps. 

  3DS is an extra step to authenticate a customer’s identity. Most European debit and credit card companies implement it. Also, in case of fraudulent chargebacks, the issuing bank becomes liable due to 3DS, not the business. 

  However, in SCA, certain transactions are exempt : 

  • Low-risk transactions : A transaction by an issuer or an acquirer whose fraud level is below a specific threshold. If the acquirer feels that a transaction is low risk, they can request to skip SCA. 
  • Low-value transactions : Transactions under €30.
  • Trusted beneficiaries : Trusted merchants customers choose to safelist.
  • Recurring payments : Recurring transactions for a fixed amount are exempt from SCA after the first transaction.

  Third-party payment service providers (TPPs) framework

  TPPs are entities authorised to access customer banking data and initiate payments. There are three types of TPPs :

  Account Information Service Providers (AISPs)

  AISPs are services that can view customers’ account details, but only with their permission. For example, a budgeting app might use AISP services to gather transaction data from a user’s bank account, helping them monitor expenses and oversee finances. 

  Payment Initiation Service Providers (PISPs)

  PISPs enable clients to initiate payments directly from their bank accounts, bypassing the need for conventional payment options such as debit or credit cards. After the customer makes a payment, PISPs immediately contact the merchant to ensure the user can access the online services or products they bought. 

  Card-Based Payment Instruments (CBPII)

  CBPIIs refer to services that issue payment cards linked to customer accounts. 

  Requirements for TPPs

  To operate effectively under PSD2, TPPs must meet several requirements :

  Consumer consent : Customers must explicitly authorise TPPs to retrieve their financial data. This way, users can control who can view their information and for what purpose.

  Security compliance : TPPs must follow SCA and secure communication guidelines to protect users from fraud and unauthorised access.

  API availability : Banks must make their Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) accessible and allow TPPs to connect securely with the bank’s systems. This availability helps in easy integration and lets TPPs access essential data. 

  Consumer protection methods

  PSD2 implements various consumer protection measures to increase trust and transparency between consumers and financial institutions. Here’s a closer look at some of these key methods :

  • Prohibition of unjustified fees : PSD2 requires banks to clearly communicate any additional charges or fees for international transfers or account maintenance. This ensures consumers are fully aware of the actual costs and charges.
  • Timely complaint resolution : PSD2 mandates that payment service providers (PSPs) have a straightforward complaint procedure. If a customer faces any problems, the provider must respond within 15 business days. This requirement encourages consumers to engage more confidently with financial services.
  • Refund in case of unauthorised payment : Customers are entitled to a full refund for payments made without their consent.
  • Surcharge ban : Additional charges on credit and debit card payments aren’t allowed. Businesses can’t impose extra fees on these payment methods, which increases customers’ purchasing power.

  Benefits of PSD2 

  Businesses — particularly those in banking, fintech, finserv, etc. — stand to benefit from PSD2 in several ways.

  Access to customer data

  With customer consent, banks can analyse spending patterns to develop tailored financial products that match customer needs, from personalised savings accounts to more relevant loan offerings.

  Innovation and cost benefits 

  PSD2 opened payment processing up to more market competition. New payment companies bring fresh approaches to banking services, making daily transactions more efficient while driving down processing fees across the sector.

  Also, banks now work alongside payment technology providers, combining their strengths to create better services. This collaboration brings faster payment options to businesses, helping them stay competitive while reducing operational costs.

  Improved customer trust and experience

  Due to PSD2 guidelines, modern systems handle transactions quickly without compromising the safety of payment data, creating a balanced approach to digital banking.

  

  Banking customers now have more control over their financial information. Clear processes allow consumers to view and adjust their financial preferences as needed.

  Strong security standards form the foundation of these new payment systems. Payment provider platforms must adhere to strict regulations and implement additional protection measures.

  Challenges in PSD2 compliance 

  What challenges can banks and financial institutions face regarding PSD2 compliance ? Let’s examine them. 

  Resource requirements

  For many businesses, the new requirements come with a high price tag. PSD2 requires banks and fintechs to build and update their systems so that other providers can access customer data safely. For example, they must develop APIs to allow TPPs to acquire customer data. 

  Many banks still use older systems that can’t meet PSD2’s added requirements. In addition to the cost of upgrades, complying with PSD2 requires banks to devote resources to training staff and monitoring compliance.

  The significant costs required to update legacy systems and IT infrastructure while keeping services running remain challenging.

  Risks and penalties

  Organisations that fail to comply with PSD2 regulations can face significant penalties.

  Additionally, the overlapping requirements of PSD2 and other regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), can create confusion. 

  Banks need clear agreements with TPPs about who’s responsible when things go wrong. This includes handling data breaches, preventing data misuse and protecting customer information. 

  Increased competition 

  Introducing new players in the financial ecosystem, such as AISPs and PISPs, creates competition. Banks must adapt their services to stay competitive while managing compliance costs.

  PSD2 aims to protect customers but the stronger authentication requirements can make banking less convenient. Banks must balance security with user experience. Focused time, effort and continuous monitoring are needed for businesses to stay compliant and competitive.

  How Matomo can help 

  Matomo gives banks and financial institutions complete control over their data through privacy-focused web analytics, keeping collected information internal rather than being used for marketing or other purposes. 

  Its advanced security setup includes access controls, audit logs, SSL encryption, single sign-on and two-factor authentication. This creates a secure environment where sensitive data remains accessible only to authorised staff.

  While prioritizing privacy, Matomo provides tools to understand user flow and customer segments, such as session recordings, heatmaps and A/B testing.

  Financial institutions particularly benefit from several key features : 

  • Tools for obtaining explicit consent before processing personal data like this Do Not Track preference
  • Insights into how financial institutions integrate TPPs (including API usage, user engagement and potential authentication drop-off points)
  • Tracking of failed login attempts or unusual access patterns
  • IP anonymization to analyse traffic patterns and detect potential fraud

  

  PSD3 : The next step 

  In recent years, we have seen the rise of innovative payment companies and increasingly clever fraud schemes. This has prompted regulators to propose updates to payment rules.

  PSD3’s scope is to adapt to the evolving digital transformation and to better handle these fraud risks. The proposed measures : 

  • Encourage PSPs to share fraud-related information.
  • Make customers aware of the different types of fraud.
  • Strengthen customer authentication standards.
  • Provide non-bank PSPs restricted access to EU payment systems. 
  • Enact payment rules in a directly applicable regulation and harmonise and enforce the directive.

  Web analytics that respect user privacy 

  Achieving compliance with PSD2 may be a long road for some businesses. With Matomo, organisations can enjoy peace of mind knowing their data practices align with legal requirements.

  Ready to stop worrying over compliance with regulations like PSD2 and take control of your data ? Start your 21-day free trial with Matomo.

• Open Banking Security 101 : Is open banking safe ?

  3 décembre 2024, par Daniel Crough — Banking and Financial Services

  Open banking is changing the financial industry. Statista reports that open banking transactions hit $57 billion worldwide in 2023 and will likely reach $330 billion by 2027. According to ACI, global real-time payment (RTP) transactions are expected to exceed $575 billion by 2028.

  Open banking is changing how banking works, but is it safe ? And what are the data privacy and security implications for global financial service providers ?

  This post explains the essentials of open banking security and addresses critical data protection and compliance questions. We’ll explore how a privacy-first approach to data analytics can help you meet regulatory requirements, build customer trust and ultimately thrive in the open banking market while offering innovative financial products.

   

  

  

  EU Financial Services Analytics Maturity Report

  Discover trends, strategies, and opportunities to balance compliance and competitiveness.

  Download the report now

  What is open banking ?

  Open banking is a system that connects banks, authorised third-party providers and technology, empowering customers to securely share their financial data with other companies. At the same time, it unlocks access to more innovative and personalised financial products and services like spend management solutions, tailored budgeting apps and more convenient payment gateways. 

  With open banking, consumers have greater choice and control over their financial data, ultimately fostering a more competitive financial industry, supporting technological innovation and paving the way for a more customer-centric financial future.

  Imagine offering your clients a service that analyses spending habits across all accounts — no matter the institution — and automatically finds ways to save them money. Envision providing personalised financial advice tailored to individual needs or enabling customers to apply for a mortgage with just a few taps on their phone. That’s the power of open banking.

  Embracing this technology is an opportunity for banks and fintech companies to build new solutions for customers who are eager for a more transparent and personalised digital experience.

  How is open banking different from traditional banking ?

  In traditional banking, consumers’ financial data is locked away and siloed within each bank’s systems, accessible only to the bank and the account holder. While account holders could manually aggregate and share this data, the process is cumbersome and prone to errors.

  With open banking, users can choose what data to share and with whom, allowing trusted third-party providers to access their financial information directly from the source. 

  

  How does open banking work ?

  The technology that makes open banking possible is the application programming interface (API). Think of banking APIs as digital translators for different software systems ; instead of translating languages, they translate data and code.

  The bank creates and publishes APIs that provide secure access to specific types of customer data, like credit card transaction history and account balances. The open banking API acts like a friendly librarian, ready to assist apps in accessing the information they need in a secure and organised way.

  Third-party providers, like fintech companies, use these APIs to build their applications and services. Some tech companies also act as intermediaries between fintechs and banks to simplify connections to multiple APIs simultaneously.

  For example, banks like BBVA (Spain) and Capital One (USA) offer secure API platforms. Fintechs like Plaid and TrueLayer use those banking APIs as a bridge to users’ financial data. This bridge gives other service providers like Venmo, Robinhood and Coinbase access to customer data, allowing them to offer new payment gateways and investment tools that traditional banks don’t provide.

  Is open banking safe for global financial services ?

  Yes, open banking is designed from the ground up to be safe for global financial services.

  Open banking doesn’t make customer financial data publicly available. Instead, it uses a secure, regulated framework for sharing information. This framework relies on strong security measures and regulatory oversight to protect user data and ensure responsible access by authorised third-party providers.

  In the following sections, we’ll explore the key security features and banking regulations that make this technology safe and reliable.

  Regulatory compliance in open banking

  Regulatory oversight is a cornerstone of open banking security.

  In the UK and the EU, strict regulations govern how companies access and use customer data. The revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2) in Europe mandates strong customer authentication and secure communication, promoting a high level of security for open banking services.

  To offer open banking services, companies must register with their respective regulatory bodies and comply with all applicable data protection laws.

  For example, third-party service providers in the UK must be authorised by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and listed on the Financial Services Register. Depending on the service they provide, they must get an Account Information Service Provider (AISP) or a Payment Initiation Service Provider (PISP) license.

  Similar regulations and registries exist across Europe, enforced by the European National Competent Authority, like BaFin in Germany and the ACPR in France.

  In the United States, open banking providers don’t require a special federal license. However, this will soon change, as the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) unveiled a series of rules on 22 October 2024 to establish a regulatory framework for open banking.

  These regulations ensure that only trusted providers can participate in the open banking ecosystem. Anyone can check if a company is a trusted provider on public databases like the Regulated Providers registry on openbanking.org.uk. While being registered doesn’t guarantee fair play, it adds a layer of safety for consumers and banks.

  Key open banking security features that make it safe for global financial services

  Open banking is built on a foundation of solid security measures. Let’s explore five key features that make it safe and reliable for financial institutions and their customers.

  

  Strong Customer Authentication (SCA)

  Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) is a security principle that protects against unauthorised access to user financial data. It’s a regulated and legally required form of multi-factor authentication (MFA) within the European Economic Area.

  SCA mandates that users verify their identity using at least two of the following three factors :

  • Something they know (a password, PIN, security question, etc.)
  • Something they have (a mobile phone, a hardware token or a bank card)
  • Something they are (a fingerprint, facial recognition or voice recognition)

  This type of authentication helps reduce the risk of fraud and unauthorised transactions.

  API security

  PSD2 regulations mandate that banks provide open APIs, giving consumers the right to use any third-party service provider for their online banking services. According to McKinsey research, this has led to a surge in API adoption within the banking sector, with the largest banks allocating 14% of their IT budget to APIs. 

  To ensure API security, banks and financial service providers implement several measures, including :

  • API gateways, which act as a central point of control for all API traffic, enforcing security policies and preventing unauthorised access
  • API keys and tokens to authenticate and authorise API requests (the equivalent of a library card for apps)
  • Rate limiting to prevent denial-of-service attacks by limiting the number of requests a third-party application can make within a specific timeframe
  • Regular security audits and penetration testing to identify and address potential vulnerabilities in the API infrastructure

  Data minimisation and purpose limitation

  Data minimisation and purpose limitation are fundamental principles of data protection that contribute significantly to open banking safety.

  Data minimisation means third parties will collect and process only the data necessary to provide their service. Purpose limitation requires them to use the collected data only for its original purpose.

  For example, a budgeting app that helps users track their spending only needs access to transaction history and account balances. It doesn’t need access to the user’s full transaction details, investment portfolio or loan applications.

  Limiting the data collected from individual banks significantly reduces the risk of potential misuse or exposure in a data breach.

  Encryption

  Encryption is a security method that protects data in transit and at rest. It scrambles data into an unreadable format, making it useless to anyone without the decryption key.

  In open banking, encryption protects users’ data as it travels between the bank and the third-party provider’s systems via the API. It also protects data stored on the bank’s and the provider’s servers. Encryption ensures that even if a breach occurs, user data remains confidential.

  Explicit consent

  In open banking, before a third-party provider can access user data, it must first inform the user what data it will pull and why. The customer must then give their explicit consent to the third party collecting and processing that data.

  This transparency and control are essential for building trust and ensuring customers feel safe using third-party services.

  But beyond that, from the bank’s perspective, explicit customer consent is also vital for compliance with GDPR and other data protection regulations. It can also help limit the bank’s liability in case of a data breach.

  Explicit consent goes beyond sharing financial data. It’s also part of new data privacy regulations around tracking user behaviour online. This is where an ethical web analytics solution like Matomo can be invaluable. Matomo fully complies with some of the world’s strictest privacy regulations, like GDPR, lGPD and HIPAA. With Matomo, you get peace of mind knowing you can continue gathering valuable insights to improve your services and user experience while respecting user privacy and adhering to regulations.

  Risks of open banking for global financial services

  While open banking offers significant benefits, it’s crucial to acknowledge the associated risks. Understanding these risks allows financial institutions to implement safeguards and protect themselves and their customers.

  

  Risk of data breaches

  By its nature, open banking is like adding more doors and windows to your house. It’s convenient but also gives burglars more ways to break in.

  Open banking increases what cybersecurity professionals call the “attack surface,” or the number of potential points of vulnerability for hackers to steal financial data.

  Data breaches are a serious threat to banks and financial institutions. According to IBM’s 2024 Cost of a Data Breach Report, each breach costs companies in the US an average of $4.88 million. Therefore, banks and fintechs must prioritise strong security measures and data protection protocols to mitigate these risks.

  Risk of third-party access

  By definition, open banking involves granting third-party providers access to customer financial information. This introduces a level of risk outside the bank’s direct control.

  Financial institutions must carefully vet third-party providers, ensuring they meet stringent security standards and comply with all relevant data protection regulations.

  Risk of user account takeover

  Open banking can increase the risk of user account takeover if adequate security measures are not in place. For example, if a malicious third-party provider gains unauthorised access to a user’s bank login details, they could take control of the user’s account and make fraudulent bank transactions.

  A proactive approach to security, continuous monitoring and a commitment to evolving best practices and security protocols are crucial for navigating the open banking landscape.

  Open banking and data analytics : A balancing act for financial institutions

  The additional data exchanged through open banking unveils deeper insights into customer behaviour and preferences. This data can fuel innovation, enabling the development of personalised products and services and improved risk management strategies.

  However, using this data responsibly requires a careful balancing act.

  Too much reliance on data without proper safeguards can erode trust and invite regulatory issues. The opposite can stifle innovation and limit the technology’s potential.

  Matomo Analytics derisks web and app environments by giving full control over what data is tracked and how it is stored. The platform prioritises user data privacy and security while providing valuable data and analytics that will be familiar to anyone who has used Google Analytics.

  Open banking, data privacy and AI

  The future of open banking is entangled with emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. These technologies significantly enhance open banking analytics, personalise services, and automate financial tasks.

  Several banks, credit unions and financial service providers are already exploring AI’s potential in open banking. For example, HSBC developed the AI-enabled FX Prompt in 2023 to improve forex trading. The bank processed 823 million client API calls, many of which were open banking.

  However, using AI in open banking raises important data privacy considerations. As the American Bar Association highlights, balancing personalisation with responsible AI use is crucial for open banking’s future. Financial institutions must ensure that AI-driven solutions are developed and implemented ethically, respecting customer privacy and data protection.

  Conclusion

  Open banking presents a significant opportunity for innovation and growth in the financial services industry. While it’s important to acknowledge the associated risks, security measures like explicit customer consent, encryption and regulatory frameworks make open banking a safe and reliable system for banks and their clients.

  Financial service providers must adopt a multifaceted approach to data privacy, implementing privacy-centred solutions across all aspects of their business, from open banking to online services and web analytics.

  By prioritising data privacy and security, financial institutions can build customer trust, unlock the full potential of open banking and thrive in today’s changing financial environment.