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• Python pydub issue : Can't repoen a wav file after it as been reencoded by ffpeg [Silved]

  28 avril 2024, par Trent Tompkins

  Solved by Michael Butscher. Updated code is now in the repo in the fixed branch. Thanks !

  


  I have a python script that reads in all the *.wav files in a directory and saves them in a folder called output after it adjusts their volume.

  


  lower.py :

  


  import os
from pydub import AudioSegment as ass

# get the current working directory
current_working_directory = os.getcwd()
all_files = os.listdir();

 


while len(all_files) > 0:
    file = all_files.pop()
    song = ass.from_wav(file)
    song = song - 16
    song.export('out\\'+file)



  


  https://github.com/tibberous/ChangeWavVolume/tree/fixed

  


  The problem is (and this took me a LONG time to figure out), after the files are output once, if you try to read them again with AudioSegment ::from_wav(file), ffmpeg throws an error saying it can't decode the file. The output wav files play in Windows Media Player, and even have their audio adjusted, but I am guessing there somehow an error either in the file data itself or the file headers.

  


  I put the code on github. Checkout the branch 'fixed'.

  


  Btw, I just installed everything, so I should have the current versions of everything. I am using the Chocolatey package manager for Windows 10. Read README.txt (in progress) to see how I setup my dev environment.

  


  


  


  Python 3.12.2
Chocolatey v2.2.2
C:\Users\moren>C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\bin\ffmpeg
ffmpeg version 7.0-essentials_build-www.gyan.dev Copyright (c) 2000-2024 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 13.2.0 (Rev5, Built by MSYS2 project)
  configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-static --disable-w32threads --disable-autodetect --enable-fontconfig --enable-iconv --enable-gnutls --enable-libxml2 --enable-gmp --enable-bzlib --enable-lzma --enable-zlib --enable-libsrt --enable-libssh --enable-libzmq --enable-avisynth --enable-sdl2 --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxvid --enable-libaom --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libvpx --enable-mediafoundation --enable-libass --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libharfbuzz --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-libzimg --enable-amf --enable-cuda-llvm --enable-cuvid --enable-dxva2 --enable-d3d11va --enable-d3d12va --enable-ffnvcodec --enable-libvpl --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-vaapi --enable-libgme --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libtheora --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libgsm --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopus --enable-libspeex --enable-libvorbis --enable-librubberband
  libavutil      59.  8.100 / 59.  8.100
  libavcodec     61.  3.100 / 61.  3.100
  libavformat    61.  1.100 / 61.  1.100
  libavdevice    61.  1.100 / 61.  1.100
  libavfilter    10.  1.100 / 10.  1.100
  libswscale      8.  1.100 /  8.  1.100
  libswresample   5.  1.100 /  5.  1.100
  libpostproc    58.  1.100 / 58.  1.100
Universal media converter

  


  


  



  I opened the wav files the program generated with Media Player, VLC Media Player and Audacity, thinking they might throw an error, but the only thing that can't seem to read the exported wav files is the script that created them !

  


• Multiple trims to a video using ffmpeg generating video with shorter duration than expected [closed]

  9 septembre 2024, par Gerardo

  I have an application that given a video it trims multiple parts of that video using ffmpeg. Each part is cropped, scaled and then concatenated to generate a single video.

  


  To share an example, I have a video of 1 minute and 44 seconds of duration and 60 fps. My goal is to trim 3 parts of the video :

  


  

  • First one between seconds 0 to 44.666

  


  • Second one between seconds 44.666 to 74.349

  


  • Third one between seconds 74.349 to 103.985

  


  


  The ffmpeg command I use to achieve that is the following one :

  


  ffmpeg -y -hide_banner -i bg_720_1280.png -i error.mp4 -filter_complex "
[1:v]trim=0.0:44.666,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS,crop=405.0:720.0:437.5:0.0,scale=-2:1280.0[crop_1_0_v];
[1:a]atrim=0.0:44.666,volume=1.0,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[crop_1_0_a];
[0:v][crop_1_0_v]overlay=enable='between(t,0,44.666)':x=0.0:y=0.0[crop_1_0_v];
[1:v]trim=44.666:74.349,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS,crop=405.0:720.0:437.5:0.0,scale=-2:1280.0[crop_2_0_v];
[1:a]atrim=44.666:74.349,volume=1.0,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[crop_2_0_a];
[0:v][crop_2_0_v]overlay=enable='between(t,0,29.683)':x=0.0:y=0.0[crop_2_0_v];
[1:v]trim=74.349:103.985,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS,crop=405.0:720.0:437.5:0.0,scale=-2:1280.0[crop_3_0_v];
[1:a]atrim=74.349:103.985,volume=1.0,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[crop_3_0_a];
[0:v][crop_3_0_v]overlay=enable='between(t,0,29.636)':x=0.0:y=0.0[crop_3_0_v];
[crop_1_0_a][crop_2_0_a][crop_3_0_a]concat=n=3:v=0:a=1[a];
[crop_1_0_v][crop_2_0_v][crop_3_0_v]concat=n=3:v=1:a=0[outv];
[a]amix=1:duration=longest[outa]" -map "[outv]" -map "[outa]" -vcodec libx264 -acodec aac -sws_flags lanczos -pix_fmt yuv420p -crf 17 -preset superfast -r 60 test.mp4


  


  Running this command it generates a video of 11 seconds of duration and I'm unable to understand it. What is wrong with the command ? Also I'm open to recommendations of the ffmpeg command in case you find another way more efficient or performant.

  


  I'm using the following FFMPEG version :

  


  ffmpeg version 7.0.2 Copyright (c) 2000-2024 the FFmpeg developers
  built with Apple clang version 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)
  configuration: --prefix=/usr/local/Cellar/ffmpeg/7.0.2 --enable-shared --enable-pthreads --enable-version3 --cc=clang --host-cflags= --host-ldflags='-Wl,-ld_classic' --enable-ffplay --enable-gnutls --enable-gpl --enable-libaom --enable-libaribb24 --enable-libbluray --enable-libdav1d --enable-libharfbuzz --enable-libjxl --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-librav1e --enable-librist --enable-librubberband --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsrt --enable-libssh --enable-libsvtav1 --enable-libtesseract --enable-libtheora --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvmaf --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-lzma --enable-libfontconfig --enable-libfreetype --enable-frei0r --enable-libass --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libspeex --enable-libsoxr --enable-libzmq --enable-libzimg --disable-libjack --disable-indev=jack --enable-videotoolbox --enable-audiotoolbox
  libavutil      59.  8.100 / 59.  8.100
  libavcodec     61.  3.100 / 61.  3.100
  libavformat    61.  1.100 / 61.  1.100
  libavdevice    61.  1.100 / 61.  1.100
  libavfilter    10.  1.100 / 10.  1.100
  libswscale      8.  1.100 /  8.  1.100
  libswresample   5.  1.100 /  5.  1.100
  libpostproc    58.  1.100 / 58.  1.100


  


  But I got the same issue with static ffmpeg builds

  


  The file bg_720_1280.png is just a transparent image of resolution 720x1280. I think I could achieve the same by using nullsrc filter with that resolution instead of using this background image.

  


• 7 Benefits Segmentation Examples + How to Get Started

  26 mars 2024, par Erin

  Every copywriter knows the importance of selling a product’s benefits, not its features. So why should your marketing efforts be different ?

  Answer : they shouldn’t.

  It’s time to stop using demographic or behavioural traits to group customers and start using benefits segmentation instead.

  Benefits segmentation groups your customers based on the value they get from your product or service. In this article, we’ll cover seven real-life examples of benefits segmentation, explain why it’s so powerful and show how to get started today.

  What is benefits segmentation ?

  Benefits segmentation is a way for marketers to group their target market based on the value they get from their products or services. It is a form of customer segment marketing. Other types of market segmentation include :

  • Geographic segmentation
  • Demographic segmentation
  • Psychographic segmentation
  • Behavioural segmentation
  • Firmographic segmentation

  Customers could be the same age, from the same industry and live in the same location but want drastically different things from the same product. Some may like the design of your products, others the function, and still more the price. 

  Whatever the benefits, you can make your marketing more effective by building advertising campaigns around them.

  Why use benefits segmentation ?

  Appealing to the perceived benefits of your product is a powerful marketing strategy. Here are the advantages of you benefit segmentation can expect :

  

  More effective marketing campaigns

  Identifying different benefits segments lets you create much more targeted marketing campaigns. Rather than appeal to a broad customer base, you can create specific ads and campaigns that speak to a small part of your target audience. 

  These campaigns tend to be much more powerful. Benefits-focused messaging better resonates with your audience, making potential customers more likely to convert.

  Better customer experience 

  Customers use your products for a reason. By showing you understand their needs through benefits segmentation, you deliver a much better customer experience — in terms of messaging and how you develop new products. 

  In today’s world, experience matters. 80% of customers say a company’s experience is as important as its products and services.

  Stronger customer loyalty

  When products or services are highly targeted at potential customers, they are more likely to return. More than one-third (36%) of customers would return to a brand if they had a positive experience, even if cheaper or more convenient alternatives exist.

  Using benefits segmentation will also help you attract the right kind of people in the first place — people who will become long-term customers because your benefits align with their needs. 

  Improved products and services

  Benefits segmentation makes it easier to tailor products or services to your audiences’ wants and needs. 

  Rather than creating a product meant to appeal to everyone but doesn’t fulfil a real need, your team can create different ranges of the same product that target different benefits segments. 

  Higher conversion rates

  Personalising your pitch to individual customers is powerful. It drives performance and creates better outcomes for your target customer. Companies that grow faster drive 40 per cent more revenue from personalisation than their slower-growing counterparts.

  When sales reps understand your product’s benefits, talking to customers about them and demonstrating how the product solves particular pain points is much easier. 

  In short, benefits segmentation can lead to higher conversion rates and a better return on investment. 

  7 examples of benefits segmentation

  Let’s take a look at seven examples of real-life benefits segmentation to improve your understanding :

  Nectar

  Mattress manufacturer Nectar does a great job segmenting their product range by customer benefits. That’s a good thing, given how many different things people want from their mattress. 

  It’s not just a case of targeting back sleepers vs. side sleepers ; they focus on more specific benefits like support and cooling. 

  

  Take a look at the screenshot above. Nectar mentions the benefits of each mattress in multiple places, making it easy for customers to find the perfect mattress. If you care about value, for example, you might choose “The Nectar.” If pressure relief and cooling are important to you, you might pick the “Nectar Premier.”

  24 Hour Fitness

  A gym is a gym is a gym, right ? Not when people use it to achieve different goals, it’s not. And that’s what 24 Hour Fitness exploits when they sell memberships to their audience. 

  As you can see from its sales page, 24 Hour Fitness targets the benefits that different customers get from their products :

  

  Customers who just care about getting access to weights and treadmills for as cheap as possible can buy the Silver Membership. 

  But getting fit isn’t the only reason people go to the gym. That’s why 24 Hour Fitness targets its Gold Membership to those who want the “camaraderie” of studio classes led by “expert instructors.”

  Finally, some people value being able to access any club, anywhere in the country. Consumers value flexibility greatly, so 24 Hour Fitness limits this perk to its top-tier membership. 

  Notion

  Notion is an all-in-one productivity and note-taking app that aims to be the only productivity tool people and teams need. Trying to be everything to all people rarely works, however, which is why Notion cleverly tweaks its offering to appeal to the desires of different customer segments :

  

  For price-conscious individuals, it provides a pared solution that doesn’t bloat the user experience with features or benefits these consumers don’t care about.

  The Plus tier is the standard offering for teams who need a way to collaborate online. Still, there are two additional tiers for businesses that target specific benefits only certain teams need. 

  For teams that benefit from a longer history or additional functionality like a bulk export, Notion offers the Business tier at almost double the price of the standard Plus tier. Finally, the Enterprise tier for businesses requires much more advanced security features. 

  Apple

  Apple is another example of a brand that designs and markets products to customers based on specific benefits.

  

  Why doesn’t Apple just make one really good laptop ? Because customers want different things from them. Some want the lightest or smallest laptop possible. Others need ones with higher processing power or larger screens.

  One product can’t possibly deliver all those benefits. So, by understanding the precise reasons people need a laptop, Apple can create and market products around the benefits that are most likely to be sold. 

  Tesla

  In the same way Apple understands that consumers need different things from their laptops, Tesla understands that consumers derive different benefits from their cars. 

  It’s why the company sells four cars (and now a truck) that cover various sizes, top speeds, price points and more. 

  

  Tesla even asks customers about the benefits they want from their car when helping them to choose a vehicle. By asking customers to pick how they will use their new vehicle, Tesla can ensure the car’s benefits match up to the consumers’ goals. 

  Dynamite Brands

  Dynamite Brands is a multi-brand, community-based business that targets remote entrepreneurs around the globe. But even this heavily niched-down business still needs to create benefit segments to serve its audience better. 

  It’s why the company has built several different brands instead of trying to serve every customer under a single banner :

  

  If you just want to meet other like-minded entrepreneurs, you can join the Dynamite Circle, for example. But DC Black might be a better choice if you care more about networking and growing your business.

  It’s the same with the two recruiting brands. Dynamite Jobs targets companies that just want access to a large talent pool. Remote First Recruiting targets businesses that benefit from a more hands-on approach to hiring where a partner does the bulk of the work.

  Garmin

  Do you want your watch to tell the time or do you want it to do more ? If you fall into the latter category, Garmin has designed dozens of watches that target various benefits.

  

  Do you want a watch that tracks your fitness without looking ugly ? Buy the Venu. 

  Want a watch designed for runners ? Buy the Forerunner. 

  Do you need a watch that can keep pace with your outdoor lifestyle ? Buy the Instinct. 

  Just like Apple, Garmin can’t possibly design a single watch that delivers all these benefits. Instead, each watch is carefully built for the target customer’s needs. Yes, it makes the target market smaller, but it makes the product more appealing to those who care about those benefits.

  How to get started with benefits segmentation

  According to Gartner, 63% of digital marketing leaders struggle with personalisation. Don’t be one of them. Here’s how you can improve your personalisation efforts using benefits segmentation. 

  Research and define benefits

  The first step to getting started with benefit segmentation is understanding all the benefits customers get from your products. 

  You probably already know some of the benefits, but don’t underestimate the importance of customer research. Hold focus groups, survey customers and read customer reviews to discover what customers love about your products. 

  Create benefit-focused customer personas

  Now you understand the benefits, it’s time to create customer personas that reflect them. Group consumers who like similar benefits and see if they have any other similarities. 

  Price-conscious consumers may be younger. Maybe people who care about performance have a certain type of job. The more you can do to flesh out what the average benefits-focused consumer looks like, the easier it will be to create campaigns. 

  Create campaigns focused on each benefit

  Now, we get to the fun part. Make the benefit-focused customer personas you created in the last step the focus of your marketing campaigns going forward. 

  Don’t try to appeal to everyone. Just make your campaigns appeal to these people.

  Go deeper with segmentation analytics

  The quality of your benefit segmentation strategy hinges on the quality of your data. That’s why using a an accurate web analytics solution like Matomo to track how each segment behaves online using segmentation analytics is important.

  

  This data can make your marketing campaigns more targeted and effective.

  Benefits segmentation in practice

  Let’s say you have an e-commerce website selling a wide range of household items, and you want to create a benefit segment for “Tech Enthusiasts” who are interested in the latest gadgets and cutting-edge technology. You want to track and analyse their behaviour separately to tailor marketing campaigns or website content specifically for this group.

  1. Identify characteristics : Determine key characteristics or behaviours that define the “Tech Enthusiasts” segment. 

  This might include frequent visits to product pages of the latest tech products, site searches that contain different tech product names, engaging with tech-specific content in emails or spending more time on technology-related blog posts.

  One quick and surefire way to identify characteristics of a segment is to look historically at specific tech product purchases in your Matomo and work your way backwards to find out what steps a “Tech Enthusiast” takes before making a purchase. For instance, you might look at User Flows to discover this.

  

  2. Create segments in Matomo : Using Matomo’s segmentation features, you can create a segment that includes users exhibiting these characteristics. For instance :

  • • Segment by page visits : Create a segment that includes users who visited tech product pages or spent time on tech blogs.

  

  • • Segment by event tracking : If you’ve set up event tracking for specific actions (like clicking on “New Tech” category buttons), create a segment based on these events.
    • Combine conditions : Combine various conditions (e.g., pages visited, time spent, specific actions taken) to create a comprehensive segment that accurately represents “Tech Enthusiasts.”

  3. Track and analyse : Apply this segment to your analytics data in Matomo to track and analyse the behaviour of this group separately. Monitor metrics like their conversion rates, time spent on site or specific products they engage with.
  4. Tailor marketing : Use the insights from analysing this segment to tailor marketing strategies. This could involve creating targeted campaigns or customising website content to cater specifically to these users.

  Remember, the key is to define criteria that accurately represent the segment you want to target, use Matomo’s segmentation tools to isolate this group, and effectively derive actionable insights to cater to their preferences or needs.

  Try Matomo for Free

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  Track your segmentation efforts 

  Benefits segmentation is a fantastic way to improve your marketing. It can help you deliver a better customer experience, improve your product offering and help your sales reps close more deals. 

  Segmenting your audience with an analytics platform lets you go even deeper. But doing so in a privacy-sensitive way can be difficult. 

  That’s why over 1 million websites choose Matomo as their web analytics solution. Matomo provides exceptional segmentation capabilities while remaining 100% accurate and compliant with global privacy laws.

  Find out how Matomo’s insights can level up your marketing efforts with our 21-day free trial, no credit card required.

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