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  • Pas question de marché, de cloud etc...

    10 avril 2011

    Le vocabulaire utilisé sur ce site essaie d’éviter toute référence à la mode qui fleurit allègrement
    sur le web 2.0 et dans les entreprises qui en vivent.
    Vous êtes donc invité à bannir l’utilisation des termes "Brand", "Cloud", "Marché" etc...
    Notre motivation est avant tout de créer un outil simple, accessible à pour tout le monde, favorisant
    le partage de créations sur Internet et permettant aux auteurs de garder une autonomie optimale.
    Aucun "contrat Gold ou Premium" n’est donc prévu, aucun (...)

  • Selection of projects using MediaSPIP

    2 mai 2011, par

    The examples below are representative elements of MediaSPIP specific uses for specific projects.
    MediaSPIP farm @ Infini
    The non profit organizationInfini develops hospitality activities, internet access point, training, realizing innovative projects in the field of information and communication technologies and Communication, and hosting of websites. It plays a unique and prominent role in the Brest (France) area, at the national level, among the half-dozen such association. Its members (...)

  • XMP PHP

    13 mai 2011, par

    Dixit Wikipedia, XMP signifie :
    Extensible Metadata Platform ou XMP est un format de métadonnées basé sur XML utilisé dans les applications PDF, de photographie et de graphisme. Il a été lancé par Adobe Systems en avril 2001 en étant intégré à la version 5.0 d’Adobe Acrobat.
    Étant basé sur XML, il gère un ensemble de tags dynamiques pour l’utilisation dans le cadre du Web sémantique.
    XMP permet d’enregistrer sous forme d’un document XML des informations relatives à un fichier : titre, auteur, historique (...)

Sur d’autres sites (2569)

  • The Guide to an Ethical Web : With Big Data Comes Big Responsibility

    13 mars, par Alex Carmona

    Roughly two-thirds of Earth’s 8 billion people use the internet for communication, education, entertainment, business and more. We are connected globally in ways previous generations could’ve never dreamed of. It’s been a wild ride, and we’re just starting.

    Many users have learned that experiences online can be a mix of good and bad. Sometimes, the bad can feel like it outweighs the good, particularly when large tech companies use our data shadily, cut corners on accessibility or act in any other way that devalues the human being behind the screen.

    As fellow internet citizens, what responsibility do we have to create a more ethical web for our customers ?

    In this article, we’ll look at ethical principles online and how to act (and not act) to build trust, reach customers regardless of ability, safeguard privacy and stay compliant while improving business outcomes.

    2025 Ethical Marketing Guide image with a mobile phone and orange button call to action.

    What is an “ethical web” ?

    When we talk about the ethical web, we’re talking about the use of the internet in an ethical way. Among other values, it involves transparency, consent and restraint. It applies the Golden Rule to the internet : Treat others (and their data and user experience) how you’d want yourself (and yours) to be treated. 

    With limited oversight, the internet has evolved in ways that often prioritise profit over user rights. While selling data or pushing cookies might seem logical in this context, they can undermine trust and reputation. And the tide is slowly but surely shifting as consumers and legislators push back.

    Consumers no longer want to buy from companies that will use their data in ways they don’t agree to. In 2022, 75% of UK and US consumers surveyed said they were uncomfortable purchasing from businesses with weak data ethics.

    Legislators worldwide have been taking part in this effort for nearly a decade, with laws like GDPR in the EU and LGPD in Brazil, as well as the various state laws in the US, like California’s CCPA and Virginia’s VCDPA

    Even tech giants are no longer above the law, like Meta, which was fined over a billion Euros for GDPR violations in 2023.

    An image defining the Golden Rule of the Internet. Treat others, their data and user experience like you would want yourself and yours to be treated.

    These changes may make the internet feel less business-friendly at first glance, but ethical choices ultimately build a stronger digital ecosystem for both companies and consumers. 

    Likewise, all internet users alike can make this happen by shunning short-term profit and convenience for healthier, long-term choices and behaviour.

    As we dig into what it takes to build an ethical web, remember that no company or individual is free from mistakes in these areas nor is it an overnight fix. Progress is made one click at a time.

    Ethical SEO : Optimising your content and your ethics

    Content creation and search engine optimisation (SEO) require so much work that it’s hard to fault creators for not always abiding by search engine guidelines and seeking shortcuts – especially when there’s a sea of LinkedIn posts about how copying/pasting ChatGPT responses helped someone rank #1 for several keywords in one week.

    However, users turn to Google and other search engines for something of substance that will guide or entertain them.

    Content meets customer needs and is more likely to lead to sales when it’s well-written, original and optimised just enough to make it easier to find on the first page of results. This doesn’t happen when content teams dilute quality and waste a reader or viewer’s time on posts that will only yield a higher bounce rate.

    Some SEO pros do find success by building backlinks through private blog networks or crafting a million unedited posts with generative AI, but it’s short-lived. Google and other search engines always catch up, and their content plummets or gets penalised and delisted with every new update.

    Content teams can still rank at the top while sticking to ethical SEO principles. Here’s a sample list of dos and don’ts to get started :

    • Do put content quality above all else. Make content that serves the audience, not just a brand or partner ad network.
    • Do apply the E-E-A-T framework. Search engines value content written by authors who bring expertise, experience, authority and trust (E-E-A-T).
    • Don’t keyword stuff. This might have worked in the early days of SEO, but it hurts readability and now harms article performance.
    • Do use alt text as intended. While it can still help SEO, alt text should prioritise accessibility for users with screen readers.
    • Don’t steal content. Whether it’s violating copyright, copying/pasting other people’s content or simply paraphrasing without citation, companies should never steal content.
    • Don’t steal ideas. It’s okay to join in on a current conversation or trends in an industry, but content creators should be sure they have something valuable to add.
    • Do use AI tools as partners, not creators. AI can be an incredible aid in crafting content, but it should never be posted without a human’s touch.

    When we follow ethical SEO guidelines and get more clients with our content, how do we best handle their data ?

    Ethical data governance : Important principles and how to avoid data misuse

    Data governance comprises every aspect of how a company manages data, including storage, security, privacy, lifecycle management, setting policies and maintaining compliance with laws like GDPR and HIPAA.

    Applying data ethics to governance is doing it all in a transparent, restrained way that acknowledges an individual’s right to ownership over their data. 

    For organisations, this translates to getting consent to collect data and clearly spelling out how it will be stored and used — and sticking to it.

    If a user’s birth date is needed for legal reasons, it cannot be sold to a third party or later used for something else without explicit permission. Reusing data in ways that stray from its original purpose is a form of commingling, one of the data misuses that is easy for even well-intentioned teams to do accidentally.

    Ethical data governance also includes the vigilant safeguarding of users’ data and minimising potential privacy issues.

    Failing to implement and adhere to strong security measures leads to situations like the National Public Data (NPD) breach, where cyber criminals expose the addresses, phone numbers and social security numbers of hundreds of millions of people. This was due in large part to a weakness in storing login credentials and a lack of password policy enforcement.

    No one at NPD wanted this to happen, but security likely took a backseat to other business concerns, leading to the company’s filing for bankruptcy.

    More importantly, as a data broker that aggregates information from other sources, the people affected likely had no clue this organisation had been buying and selling their data. The companies originally entrusted with their information helped provide the leaked data, showing a lack of care for privacy.

    Situations like this reinforce the need for strict data protection laws and for companies to refine their data governance approach. 

    Businesses can improve their data governance posturing with managers and other higher-ups setting the right tone at the top. If leadership takes a firm and disciplined approach by setting and adhering to strong policies, the rest of the team will follow and minimise the chances of data misuse and security incidents.

    One way to start is by using tools that make the principles of data ethics easier to follow.

    Ethical web analytics : Drawing insights while respecting privacy

    Web analytics tools are designed to gather data about users and what they do while visiting a site.
    The most popular tool worldwide is Google Analytics (GA). Its brand name and feature set carry a lot of weight, but many former users have switched to alternatives due to dissatisfaction with the changes made in GA4 and reservations about the way Google handles data.

    An image of a spiderweb with a user trapped in it. A spider looks hungrily at the user to symbolise the relationship between the unethical use of web analytics data and customer harm

    Google is another tech giant that has been slapped with massive GDPR fines for issues over its data processing practices. It has run so afoul of compliance that it was banned in France and Austria for a while. Additionally, in the US Department of Justice’s ongoing antitrust lawsuit against Google, the company’s data tracking has been targeted for both how it affects users and potential rivals.

    Unlike GA, ethical web analytics tools allow websites to get the data they need while respecting user privacy.

    Matomo offers privacy protections like :

    We’re also fully transparent about how we handle your data on the web and in the Matomo Cloud and in how we build Matomo as an open-source tool. Our openness allows you to be more open with your customers and how you ethically use their data.

    There are other GDPR-compliant tools on the market, but some of them, like Adobe Analytics, require more setup from users for compliance, don’t grant full control over data and don’t offer on-premise options or consent-free tracking.

    Beyond tracking, there are other ways to make a user’s experience more enjoyable and ethical.

    Ethical user experience : User-friendliness, not user-hostility

    When designing a website or application, creating a positive user experience (UX) always comes first. 

    The UI should be simple to navigate, data and privacy policy information should be easy to find and customers should feel welcomed. They must never be tricked into consenting or installing. 

    When businesses resort to user-hostile tactics, the UX becomes a battle between the user and them. What may seem like a clever tactic to increase sign-ups can alienate potential customers and ruin a brand’s image. 

    Here are some best practices for creating a more ethical UX :

    Avoid dark patterns

    Dark patterns are UI designs and strategies that mislead users into paying for, agreeing to or doing something they don’t actually want. These designs are unethical because they’re manipulative and remove transparency and consent from the interaction. 

    In some cases, they’re illegal and can bring lawsuits. 

    In 2023, Italy’s Data Protection Authority (DPA) fined a digital marketing company €300,000 for alleged GDPR violations. They employed dark patterns by asking customers to accept cookies again after rejecting them and placing the option to reject cookies outside the cookie banner. 

    Despite their legality and 56% of surveyed customers losing trust in platforms that employ dark patterns, a review by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) found that 76% of the websites examined contained at least one dark pattern.

    An image showing a person frustrated at a computer with an evil smile on it to symbolise poor user experience caused by unethical web design.

    If a company is worried that they may be relying on dark patterns, here are some examples of what to avoid :

    • Pre-ticking boxes to have users agree to third-party cookies, sign up for a newsletter, etc.
    • Complicated cookie banners without a one-click way to reject all unnecessary cookies
    • Hiding important text with text colour, under drop-down menus or requiring hovering over something with a mouse 
    • Confirm shaming” users with emotionally manipulative language to delay subscription cancellations or opt out of tracking 

    Improve trust centres

    Trust centres are the sections of a website that outline how a company approaches topics like data governance, user privacy and security. 

    They should be easy to find and understand. If a user has a question about a company’s data policy, it should be one click away with language that doesn’t require a law degree to comprehend.

    Additionally, trust centres must cover all relevant details, including where data is stored and who does the subprocessing. This is an area where even some of the best-intentioned companies may miss the mark, but it’s also an easy fix and a great place to start creating a more ethical web.

    Embrace inclusivity

    People want to feel welcomed to the party — and deserve to be — regardless of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender identity, orientation or ability. 

    Inclusivity is great for customers and companies alike. 

    A study by the Unstereotype Alliance found that progressive marketing drove up short- and long-term sales, customer loyalty and purchase consideration. A Kantar study reported that 75% of surveyed customers around the world consider a company’s diversity and inclusivity when making a purchasing decision.

    An easy place to start embracing inclusivity is with a website’s blog images. The people in photos and cartoons should reflect a variety of different backgrounds.

    Another area to improve inclusivity is by making your site or app more accessible.

    Accessibility ethics : An internet for everyone

    Accessibility is designing your product in a way that everyone can enjoy or take part in, regardless of ability. Digital accessibility is applying this design to the web and applications by making accommodations like adding descriptive alt text to images for users with visual impairments.

    Just because someone has a hearing, vision, speech, mobility, neurological or other impairment doesn’t mean they have any less of a right to shop online, read silly listicles or get into arguments with strangers in the comment section.

    Beyond being the right thing to do, the Fable team shows there’s a strong business case for accessibility. People with disabilities have money to spend, and the accommodations businesses make for them often benefit people without disabilities, too – as anyone who streams with subtitles can attest.

    Despite being a win-win for greater inclusivity and business, much of the web is still inaccessible. WebAIM, a leader in web accessibility, studied a million web pages and found an average of over 55 accessibility errors per page.

    We must all play a more active role in improving the experience of our users with disabilities, and we can start with accessibility auditing and testing.

    An accessibility audit is an evaluation of how usable a site is for people with disabilities. It may be done in-house by an expert on a company’s team or, for better results, a third-party consultant who can give a fully objective audit.

    Auditing might consist of running an automated tool or manually checking your site, PDFs, emails and other materials for compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines list.

    Accessibility testing is narrower than auditing. It checks how accessibility or its absence looks in action. It can be done after a site, app, email or product is released, but it ideally starts in the development process.

    Testing should be done manually and with automated tools. Manual checks put developers in the position of their users, allowing them to get a better idea of what users are dealing with firsthand. Automated tools can save time and money, but there should always be manual testing in the process.

    Auditing gives teams an idea of where to start with improving accessibility, and testing helps make sure accommodations work as intended.

    Conclusion

    At Matomo, we strive to make the ethical web a reality, starting with web analytics.

    For our users, it means full compliance with stringent policies like GDPR and providing 100% accurate data. For their customers, it’s collecting only the data required to do the job and enabling cookieless configurations to get rid of annoying banners. 

    For both parties, it’s knowing that respect for privacy is one of our foundational values, whether it’s the ability to look under Matomo’s hood and read our open-source code, the option to store data on-premise to minimise the chances of it falling into the wrong hands or one of the other ways that we protect privacy.

    If you weren’t 100% ethical before, it’s never too late to change. You can even bring your Google Analytics data with you.

    Join us in our mission to improve the web. We can’t do it alone ! 

    no credit card required

  • What Is Ethical SEO & Why Does It Matter ?

    7 mai 2024, par Erin

    Do you want to generate more revenue ?

    Then, you need to ensure you have a steady stream of traffic flowing to your site.

    Search engines like Google, Bing and Yahoo are powerful mediums you can use to scale your business.

    Search engine optimisation (SEO) is the process of creating search engine-friendly content to draw in traffic to your website. But, if you aren’t careful, you could be crossing the line of ethical SEO into unethical SEO.

    In this article, we break down what ethical SEO is, why it’s important in business and how you can implement effective SEO into your business while remaining ethical.

    Let’s begin.

    What is ethical SEO ?

    Since the early days of the internet and search engines, business owners and marketers have tried using all kinds of SEO tactics to rank atop the search engines for relevant keywords.

    The problem ?

    Some of these practices are ethical, while others aren’t.

    What exactly is ethical SEO ?

    It’s the practice of optimising your website’s rankings in search engines by following search engine guidelines and prioritising user experience.

    What is ethical SEO?

    Ethical SEO is also referred to as “white hat SEO.”

    On the other hand, businesses that break search engine rules and guidelines to “hack” their way to the top with faulty and questionable practices use unethical SEO, or “black hat SEO.”

    Ethical SEO aims to achieve higher rankings in search engines through sustainable, legitimate and fair methods.

    Black hat, or unethical SEO, aims to manipulate or “game” the system with deceptive strategies to bypass the search engine’s guidelines to rank higher.

    The two core branches of ethical SEO include :

    1. Strategies that align with search engine guidelines.
    2. Accessibility to broad audiences.

    Some examples of ethical SEO principles include :

    • Natural link building
    • Compliance with search engine guidelines
    • Establishing great user experiences
    • Creating reader-focused content

    By sticking to the right guidelines and implementing proper SEO practices, businesses can establish ethical SEO to generate more traffic and grow their brands.

    8 ethical SEO practices to implement

    If you want to grow your organic search traffic, then there’s no doubt you’ll need to have some SEO knowledge.

    While there are dozens of ways to “game” SEO, it’s best to stick to proven, ethical SEO techniques to improve your rankings.

    Stick to these best practices to increase your rankings in the search engine results pages (SERPs), increase organic traffic and improve your website conversions.

    8 Ethical SEO Practices to Implement

    1. Crafting high-quality content

    The most important piece of any ethical SEO strategy is content.

    Forget about rankings, keywords and links for a second.

    Step back and think about why people go to Google, Bing and Yahoo in the first place.

    They’re there looking for information. They have a question they need answered. That’s where you can come in and give them the answer they want. 

    How ? In the form of content.

    The best long-term ethical SEO strategy is to create the highest-quality content possible. Crafting high-quality content should be where you focus 90% of your SEO efforts.

    2. Following search engine guidelines

    Once you’ve got a solid content creation strategy, where you’re producing in-depth, quality content, you need to ensure you’re following the guidelines and rules put in place by the major search engines.

    This means you need to stay compliant with the best practices and guidelines laid out by the top search engines.

    If you fail to follow these rules, you could be penalised, your content could be downgraded or removed from search engines, and you could even have your entire website flagged, impacting your entire organic search traffic from your site.

    You need to ensure you align with the guidelines so you’re set up for long-term success with your SEO.

    3. Conducting keyword research and optimisation

    Now that we’ve covered content and guidelines, let’s talk about the technical stuff, starting with keywords.

    In the early days of SEO (late 90s), just about anyone could rank a web page high by stuffing keywords all over the page.

    While those black hat techniques used to work to “game” the system, it doesn’t work like that anymore. Google and other major search engines have much more advanced algorithms that can detect keyword stuffing and manipulation.

    Keywords are still a major part of a successful SEO strategy. You can ethically incorporate keywords into your content (and you should) if you want to rank higher. 

    Your main goal with your content is to match it with the search intent. So, incorporating keywords should come naturally throughout your content. If you try to stuff in unnecessary keywords or use spammy techniques, you may not even rank at all and could harm your website’s rankings.

    4. Incorporating natural link building

    After you’ve covered content and keywords, it’s time to dive into links. Backlinks are any links that point back to your website from another website.

    These are a crucial part of the SEO pie. Without them, it’s hard to rank high on Google. They work well because they tell Google your web page or website has authority on a subject matter.

    But you could be penalised if you try to manipulate backlinks by purchasing them or spamming them from other websites.

    Instead, you should aim to draw in natural backlinks by creating content that attracts them.

    How ? There are several options :

    • Content marketing
    • Email outreach
    • Brand mentions
    • Public relations
    • Ethical guest posting

    Get involved in other people’s communities. Get on podcasts. Write guest posts. Connect with other brands. Provide value in your niche and create content worth linking to.

    5. Respecting the intellectual property of other brands

    Content creation is moving at lightspeed in the creator economy and social media era. For better or for worse, content is going viral every day. People share content, place their spin on it, revise it, optimise it, and spread it around the internet.

    Unfortunately, this means the content is sometimes shared without the owner’s permission. Content is one form of intellectual property (IP). 

    If you share copyrighted material, you could face legal consequences.

    6. Ensuring transparency

    Transparency is one of the pillars of ethical marketing.

    If you’re running the SEO in your company or an agency, you should always explain the SEO strategies and tactics you’re implementing to your stakeholders.

    It’s best to lean on transparency and honesty to ensure your team knows you’re running operations ethically.

    7. Implementing a great user experience

    The final pillar of ethical SEO practices is offering a great user experience on your website.

    Major search engines like Google are favouring user experience more and more every year. This means knowing how to track and analyse website metrics like page load times, time on page, pageviews, media plays and event tracking.

    8. Use an ethical web analytics solution

    Last but certainly not least. Tracking your website visitors ethically is key to maintaining SEO ethics.

    You can do this by using an ethical web analytics solution like Matomo, Plausible or Fathom. All three are committed to respecting user privacy and offer ethical tracking of visitors.

    We’re a bit biassed towards Matomo, of course, but for good reasons.

    Matomo offers accurate, unsampled data along with advanced features like heatmaps, session recording, and A/B testing. These features enhance user experience and support ethical SEO practices by providing insights into user behaviour, helping optimise content. 

    Try Matomo for Free

    Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.

    No credit card required

    6 unethical SEO practices to avoid

    Now that we’ve covered the ethical SEO best practices let’s talk about what kind of unethical SEO practices you want to avoid.

    Remember, SEO isn’t as easy to manipulate as it once was 20 years ago.

    Algorithms are much more sophisticated now, and search engines are getting better at detecting fraudulent, scammy or unethical SEO practices every year.

    Avoid these eight unethical SEO practices to ensure you can rank high in the long term :

    6 unethical SEO practices to avoid.

    1. Keyword stuffing

    Keyword stuffing is probably the most common unethical SEO practice. This is where someone deliberately stuffs keywords onto a page to manipulate the search engines to rank a web page higher.

    Where this is unethical isn’t always easy to detect, but in some cases, it is. It comes down to whether it’s relevant and natural or intentionally stuffing.

    2. Cloaking

    Cloaking is another unethical SEO practice where someone manipulates the information search engines see on their website.

    For example, someone may show search engines one web page on their website, but when someone clicks on it in Google, they can direct someone to a completely different page. They do this by detecting the incoming request from the user agent and presenting different content.

    3. Deceiving functionality

    Another way companies are unethically implementing SEO tactics is by deceiving people with misleading information. For example, a website may claim to provide a free resource or directory but may intentionally lead visitors to paid products.

    4. Fraudulent redirects

    Another way to deceive or mislead searchers is by creating fraudulent redirects. A redirect is a way to take someone to a different web page when they click on another one. Redirects can be useful if a page is broken or outdated. However, they can be used to deceptively take someone to a website they didn’t intend to view.

    5. Negative SEO

    Negative SEO is the intentional attempt to harm a competitor’s search engine rankings through unethical tactics.

    These tactics include duplicating their content or generating spammy links by creating low quality or irrelevant backlinks to their site.

    6. Hidden text

    Placing hidden text on a website typically has one purpose : keyword stuffing.

    Instead of making it visible to users reading the content, websites will place invisible text or text that’s hard to read on a website to try to rank the content higher and manipulate the search engines.

    3 reasons you need to implement ethical SEO

    So, why should you ensure you only implement ethical SEO in your organic traffic strategy ?

    It’s not just about what’s morally right or wrong. Implementing ethical SEO is the smartest long-term marketing strategy :

    1. Better long-term SEO

    Search engine optimisation is about implementing the “right” tactics to get your website to rank higher.

    The funny thing is many people are trying to get quick fixes by manipulating search engines to see results now.

    However, the ones who implement shady tactics and “hacks” to game the system almost always end up losing their rankings in the long term. 

    The best long-term SEO strategy is to do things ethically. Create content that helps people. Make higher quality content than your competitors. If you do those two things right, you’ll have better search traffic for years.

    2. Great brand reputation

    Not only is ethical SEO a great way to get long-term results, but it’s also a good way to maintain a solid brand reputation.

    Reputation management is a crucial aspect of SEO. All it takes is one bad incident, and your SEO could be negatively impacted.

    3. Lower chance of penalties

    If you play by the rules, you have a lower risk of being penalised by Google.

    The reality is that Google owns the search engine, not you. While we can benefit from the traffic generation of major search engines, you could lose all your rankings if you break their guidelines.

    Track SEO data ethically with Matomo

    Ethical SEO is all about :

    • Serving your audience
    • Getting better traffic in the long run

    If you fail to follow ethical SEO practices, you could be de-ranked or have your reputation on the line.

    However, if you implement ethical SEO, you could reap the rewards of a sustainable marketing strategy that helps you grow your traffic correctly and increase conversions in the long term.

    If you’re ready to start implementing ethical SEO, you need to ensure you depend on an ethical web analytics solution like Matomo.

    Unlike other web analytics solutions, Matomo prioritises user privacy, maintains transparent, ethical data collection practices, and does not sell user data to advertisers. Matomo provides 100% data ownership, ensuring that your data remains yours to own and control.

    As the leading privacy-friendly web analytics solution globally, trusted by over 1 million websites, Matomo ensures :

    • Accurate data without data sampling for confident insights and better results
    • Privacy-friendly and GDPR-compliant web analytics
    • Open-source access for transparency and creating a custom solution tailored to your needs

    Try Matomo free for 21-days. No credit card required.

  • What is last click attribution ? A beginner’s guide

    10 mars 2024, par Erin

    Imagine you just finished a successful marketing campaign. You reached new highs in campaign revenue. Your conversion was higher than ever. And you did it without dramatically increasing your marketing budget.

    So, you start planning your next campaign with a bigger budget.

    But what do you do ? Where do you invest the extra money ?

    You used several marketing tactics and channels in the last campaign. To solve this problem, you need to track marketing attribution — where you give conversion credit to a channel (or channels) that acted as a touchpoint along the buyer’s journey.

    One of the most popular attribution models is last click attribution.

    In this article, we’ll break down what last click attribution is, its advantages and disadvantages, and examples of how you can use it to gain insights into the marketing strategies driving your growth.

    What is last click attribution ?

    Last click, or last interaction, is a marketing attribution model that seeks to give all credit for a conversion to the final touchpoint in the buyer’s journey. It assumes the customer’s last interaction with your brand (before the sale) was the most influential marketing channel for the conversion decision.

    What is last click attribution?

    Example of last click attribution

    Let’s say a woman named Jill stumbles across a fitness equipment website through an Instagram ad. She explores the website, looking at a few fitness bands and equipment, but she doesn’t buy anything.

    A few days later, Jill was doing a workout but wished she had equipment to use.

    So, she Googles the name of the company she checked out earlier to take a look at the fitness bands it offers. She’s not sure which one to get, but she signs up for a 10% discount by entering her email.

    A few days later, she sees an ad on Facebook and visits the site but exits before purchasing. 

    The next day, Jill gets an email from the store stating that her discount code is expiring. She clicks on the link, plugs in the discount code, and buys a fitness band for $49.99.

    Under the last click attribution model, the fitness company would attribute full credit for the sale to their email campaign while ignoring all other touchpoints (the Instagram ad, Jill’s organic Google search, and the Facebook ad).

    3 advantages of last click attribution

    Last click attribution is one of the most popular methods to credit a conversion. Here are the primary advantages of using it to measure your marketing efforts :

    Advantages of Last Click Attribution

    1. Easiest attribution method for beginners

    If something’s too complicated, many people simply won’t touch it.

    So, when you start diving into attribution, you might want to keep it simple. Fortunately, last click attribution is a wonderful method for beginner marketers to try out. And when you first begin tracking your marketing efforts, it’s one of the easiest methods to grasp. 

    2. It can have more impact on revenue

    Attribution and conversions go hand in hand. But conversions aren’t just about making a sale or generating more revenue. We often need to track the conversions that take place before a sale.

    This could include gaining a new follower on Instagram or capturing an email subscriber with a new lead magnet.

    If you’re trying to attribute why someone converted into a follower or lead, you may want to ditch last click for something else.

    But when you’re looking strictly at revenue-generating conversions, last click can be one of the most impactful methods for giving credit to a conversion.

    3. It helps you understand bottom-of-funnel conversions

    If SEO is your focus, chances are pretty good that you aren’t looking for a direct sale right out of the gate. You likely want to build your authority, inform and educate your audience, and then maybe turn them into a lead.

    However, when your primary focus isn’t generating traffic or leads but turning your leads into customers, then you’re focused on the bottom of your sales funnel.

    Last click can be helpful to use in bottom-of-funnel (BoFu) conversions since it often means following a paid ad or sales email that allows you to convert your warm audience member.

    If you’re strictly after revenue, you may not need to pay as much attention to the person who reads your latest blog post. After they read the article, they may have seen a social media post. And then, maybe they saw your email with a discount to buy now — which converted them into a paying customer.

    3 challenges of last click attribution

    Last click attribution is a simple way to start analysing the channels that impact your conversions. But it’s not perfect.

    Here are a few challenges of last click attribution you should keep in mind :

    Challenges of last click attribution.

    1. It ignores all other touchpoints

    Last click attribution is a single-touch attribution model. This type of model declares that a single channel gets 100% of the credit for a sale.

    But this can overlook impactful contributions from other channels.

    Multi-touch attribution seeks to give credit to multiple channels for each conversion. This is a more holistic approach.

    2. It fragments the customer journey

    Most customers need a few touchpoints before they’ll make a purchase.

    Maybe it’s reading a blog post via Google, checking out a social media post on Instagram, and receiving a nurture email.

    If you look only at the last touchpoint before a sale, then you ignore the impact of the other channels. This leads to a fragmented customer journey. 

    Imagine this : You tell your marketing leaders that Facebook ads are responsible for your success because they were the last touch for 65% of conversions. So, you pour your entire budget into Facebook ads.

    What happens ?

    Your sales drop by 60% in one month. This happens because you ignored the traffic you were generating from SEO blog posts that led to that conversion — the nurturing that took place in email marketing.

    3. Say goodbye to brand awareness marketing

    Without a brand, you can’t have a sustainable business.

    Some marketing activities, like brand awareness campaigns, are meant to fuel brand awareness to build a business that lasts for years.

    But if you’re going to use last click attribution to measure the effectiveness of your marketing efforts, then you’re going to diminish the impact of brand awareness.

    Your brand, as a whole, has the ability to generate multiples of your current revenue by simply reaching more people and creating unique brand experiences with new audiences.

    Last click attribution can’t easily measure brand awareness activities, which means their importance is often ignored.

    Last click attribution vs. other attribution models

    Last click attribution is just one type of attribution model. Here are five other common marketing attribution models you might want to consider :

    Image of six different attribution models

    First interaction

    We’ve already touched on last click interaction as a marketing attribution model. But one of the most common models does the opposite.

    First interaction, or first touch, gives full credit to the first channel that brought a lead in. 

    First interaction is best used for top-of-funnel (ToFU) conversions, like user acquisition.

    Last non-direct interaction

    A similar model to last click attribution is one called last non-direct interaction. But one major difference is that it excludes all direct traffic from the calculation. Instead, it assigns full conversion credit to the channel that precedes it.

    For instance, let’s say you see someone comes to your website via a Facebook ad but doesn’t purchase. Then one week later, they go directly to your website through a bookmark they saved and they complete a purchase. Instead of giving attribution to the direct traffic touchpoint (entering your site through a saved bookmark), you attribute the conversion to the previous channel.

    In this case, the Facebook ad gets the credit.

    Last non-direct attribution is best used for BoFu conversions.

    Linear

    Another common attribution model is called linear attribution. Here, you split the credit for a conversion equally across every single touchpoint.

    This means if someone clicks on your blog post in Google, TikTok post, email, and a Facebook ad, then the credit for the conversion is equally split between each of these channels.

    This model is helpful for looking at both BoFu and ToFu activities.

    Time decay

    Time decay is an attribution model that more accurately credits conversions across different touchpoints. This means the closer a channel is to a conversion, the more weight is given to it.

    The time decay model assumes that the closer a channel is to a conversion, the greater that channel’s impact is on a sale.

    Position based

    Position-based, also called U-shaped attribution, is an interesting model that gives multiple channels credit for a conversion.

    But it doesn’t give equal credit to channels or weighted credit to the channels closest to the conversion.

    Instead, it gives the most credit to the first and last interactions.

    In other words, it emphasises the conversion of someone to a lead and, eventually, a customer.

    It gives the first and last interaction 40% of the credit for a conversion and then splits the remaining 20% across the other touchpoints in the customer journey.

    If you’re ever unsure about which attribution model to use, with Matomo, you can compare them to determine the one that best aligns with your goals and accurately reflects conversion paths. 

    Matomo comparing linear, first click, and last click attribution models in the marketing attribution dashboard

    In the above screenshot from Matomo, you can see how last-click compares to first-click and linear models to understand their respective impacts on conversions.

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    Use Matomo to track last click attribution

    If you want to improve your marketing, you need to start tracking your efforts. Without marketing attribution, you will never be certain which marketing activities are pushing your business forward.

    Last click attribution is one of the most popular ways to get started with attribution since it, very simply, gives full credit to the last interaction for a conversion.

    If you want to start tracking last click attribution (or any other previously mentioned attribution model), sign up for Matomo’s 21-day free trial today. No credit card required.