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• Discord bot stops playing music at a certain iteration

  3 mai 2023, par denisnumb

  I'm using the following code to play music in a discord voice channel :

  


  import discord
import asyncio
from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL

YDL_OPTIONS = {
    'format': 'bestaudio/best', 
}

FFMPEG_OPTIONS = {
    'before_options': '-reconnect 1 -reconnect_streamed 1 -reconnect_delay_max 5', 
    'options': '-vn'
}

bot = discord.Client(intents=discord.Intents.all())

async def get_source_url(url: str) -> str:
    with YoutubeDL(YDL_OPTIONS) as ydl:
        return ydl.extract_info(url, download=False).get('url')

@bot.slash_command(name='play')
async def __play(ctx, url: str) -> None:
    source = await get_source_url(url)
    vc = await ctx.author.voice.channel.connect()
    vc.play(discord.FFmpegPCMAudio(source=source, **FFMPEG_OPTIONS))

    while vc.is_playing() or vc.is_paused():
        await asyncio.sleep(1)

    await vc.disconnect()

bot.run('TOKEN')


  


  The principle of operation is as follows :

  


  


  1. The /play command handler receives a url argument, in the form of a link to a live stream from YouTube : https://youtu.be/jfKfPfyJRdk (or any other video)

     


  


  2. The link is passed to the get_source_url function, which, using the yt-dlp library, returns a direct link to the sound from the video

     


  


  3. The direct link is passed via discord.FFmpegPCMAudio to the ffmpeg program, which then returns audio bytes for transmission to the discord voice channel via the vc.play method

     


  


  


  ---

  


  Problem :

  


  Bot is hosted on the virtual hosting server aeza, OS - Ubuntu Server 22.04. I installed the ffmpeg version 4.4.2 with the command sudo apt install ffmpeg.

  


  On the first day everything worked fine, but the next day the bot began to steadily stop playing music at the same moment in different videos (this moment is different for each video). Restarting the bot or server did not help.

  


  Only reinstalling the operating system helps, but also only for one day.

  


  Specific problem :

  


  I checked the execution of every single line of the discord.VoiceClient.play method, including all methods called internally. It turned out that the bot hangs every time on the same iteration of the cycle of receiving and sending bytes. Namely, on the first line of the discord.FFmpegPCMAudio.read method, that is does not receive data from ffmpeg and waits indefinitely.

  


  ---

  


  Source of the problem :

  


  The problem is not with a specific ffmpeg :

  


  

  • I also installed ffmpeg on another version 5.1.2 and the problem was repeated on it.

  


  


  The problem is not Ubuntu Server :

  


  

  • I changed OS Ubuntu Server to Debian 11 and it's the same there

  


  


  The problem is not in Linux :

  


  

  • When I put the same OS on my virtual machine, everything worked fine with any version of ffmpeg.

  


  


  ---

  


  So the problem is on the hosting side ? I asked those. support to change the server itself and the location of the location. Changed from Sweden to Germany - the same result.

  


  If the data does not come from ffmpeg, then you need to find out what is wrong in the program itself. When calling, I pass the -loglevel debug argument, which shows the most detailed report on the program's operation - all debugging information is displayed, but there are no errors on the "hung" iteration.

  


  What could be the problem ?

  


  ---

  


  UPD 03.05.2023 : I reinstalled OS Ubuntu Server again and the bot works now. But obviously not for long. Maybe I need to clear some cache ?

  


• AVCodec h264_v4l2m2m hardware decoding unable to find device

  26 juillet 2023, par nathansizemore

  Using a custom compiled FFmpeg :

  


   $ ./ffmpeg -codecs | grep h264
ffmpeg version n6.0 Copyright (c) 2000-2023 the FFmpeg developers
  built with gcc 7 (Ubuntu/Linaro 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04)
  configuration: --arch=aarch64 --enable-cross-compile --target-os=linux --cross-prefix=aarch64-linux-gnu- --prefix=/builds/dronesense/rust/ffmpeg-build/ffmpeg/out --pkgconfigdir= --pkg-config=pkg-config --extra-libs='-ldl -lpthread' --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-decklink --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-shared --disable-static
  libavutil      58.  2.100 / 58.  2.100
  libavcodec     60.  3.100 / 60.  3.100
  libavformat    60.  3.100 / 60.  3.100
  libavdevice    60.  1.100 / 60.  1.100
  libavfilter     9.  3.100 /  9.  3.100
  libswscale      7.  1.100 /  7.  1.100
  libswresample   4. 10.100 /  4. 10.100
  libpostproc    57.  1.100 / 57.  1.100
 DEV.LS h264                 H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 (decoders: h264 h264_v4l2m2m ) (encoders: libx264 libx264rgb h264_v4l2m2m )


  


  /dev/video32 seems to have H.264 decoding support :

  


  $ v4l2-ctl --list-formats-out -d /dev/video32
ioctl: VIDIOC_ENUM_FMT
    Index       : 0
    Type        : Video Output Multiplanar
    Pixel Format: 'MPG2' (compressed)
    Name        : MPEG-2 ES

    Index       : 1
    Type        : Video Output Multiplanar
    Pixel Format: 'H264' (compressed)
    Name        : H.264

    Index       : 2
    Type        : Video Output Multiplanar
    Pixel Format: 'HEVC' (compressed)
    Name        : HEVC

    Index       : 3
    Type        : Video Output Multiplanar
    Pixel Format: 'VP80' (compressed)
    Name        : VP8

    Index       : 4
    Type        : Video Output Multiplanar
    Pixel Format: 'VP90' (compressed)
    Name        : VP9


  


  I've tried two approaches (Rust with bindgen) :

  


  Approach 1 :

  


  fn init_decoder() -> Arc<contextwrapper> {&#xA;    let name = CString::new("h264_v4l2m2m").unwrap();&#xA;    let codec = unsafe { ffmpeg::avcodec_find_decoder_by_name(name.as_ptr()) };&#xA;    if codec.is_null() {&#xA;        error!("finding codec");&#xA;        process::exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    let ctx = unsafe { ffmpeg::avcodec_alloc_context3(codec) };&#xA;    if ctx.is_null() {&#xA;        error!("creating context");&#xA;        process::exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    let r = unsafe { ffmpeg::avcodec_open2(ctx, codec, ptr::null_mut()) };&#xA;    if r &lt; 0 {&#xA;        error!("opening codec: {r}");&#xA;        process::exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    Arc::new(ContextWrapper(ctx))&#xA;}&#xA;</contextwrapper>

  


  Results in :

  


  [h264_v4l2m2m @ 0x7f1c001600] Could not find a valid device
[h264_v4l2m2m @ 0x7f1c001600] can't configure decoder
[ERROR] [decoder] [webrtc::codec] opening codec: -1


  


  Approach 2

  


  fn init_decoder() -> Arc<contextwrapper> {&#xA;    let name = CString::new("h264_v4l2m2m").unwrap();&#xA;    let codec = unsafe { ffmpeg::avcodec_find_decoder_by_name(name.as_ptr()) };&#xA;    if codec.is_null() {&#xA;        error!("finding codec");&#xA;        process::exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    let mut i = 0;&#xA;    let mut hw_pix_fmt: AVPixelFormat = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };&#xA;    loop {&#xA;        let config = unsafe { ffmpeg::avcodec_get_hw_config(codec, i) };&#xA;        if config.is_null() {&#xA;            error!("decoder not supported");&#xA;            process::exit(1);&#xA;        }&#xA;&#xA;        unsafe {&#xA;            info!("device type: {:?}", (*config).device_type);&#xA;            if ((*config).methods &amp; ffmpeg::AV_CODEC_HW_CONFIG_METHOD_HW_DEVICE_CTX as i32) > 0 {&#xA;                hw_pix_fmt = (*config).pix_fmt;&#xA;                break;&#xA;            }&#xA;        }&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    info!("pixel format: {:?}", hw_pix_fmt);&#xA;&#xA;    let ctx = unsafe { ffmpeg::avcodec_alloc_context3(codec) };&#xA;    if ctx.is_null() {&#xA;        error!("creating context");&#xA;        process::exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    let r = unsafe { ffmpeg::avcodec_open2(ctx, codec, ptr::null_mut()) };&#xA;    if r &lt; 0 {&#xA;        error!("opening codec: {r}");&#xA;        process::exit(1);&#xA;    }&#xA;&#xA;    Arc::new(ContextWrapper(ctx))&#xA;}&#xA;&#xA;</contextwrapper>

  


  Results in :
error!("decoder not supported");

  


  I feel like there is a major step missing because looking at FFmpeg's Hardware Decode Example there are looking for a device type, to which v4l2 is not a part of the enum, so I do not what functions to call to get it setup.

  


  What is the proper way to setup an AVCodec decoder with H.264 hardware acceleration for v4l2m2m ?

  


• Top 4 CRO Tools to Boost Your Conversion Rates in 2024

  31 octobre 2023, par Erin

  Are you tired of watching potential customers leave your website without converting ? You’ve spent countless hours creating an engaging website, but those high bounce rates keep haunting you.

  The good news ? The solution lies in the transformative power of Conversion Rate Optimisation (CRO) tools. In this guide, we’ll dive deep into the world of CRO tools. We will equip you with strategies to turn those bounces into conversions.

  Why are conversion rate optimisation tools so crucial ?

  CRO tools can be assets in digital marketing, playing a pivotal role in enhancing online businesses’ performance. CRO tools empower businesses to improve website conversion rates by analysing user behaviour. You can then leverage this user data to optimise web elements.

  Improving website conversion rates is paramount because it increases revenue and customer satisfaction. A study by VentureBeat revealed an average return on investment (ROI) of 223% thanks to CRO tools.

  173 marketers out of the surveyed group reported returns exceeding 1,000%. Both of these data points highlight the impact CRO tools can have.

  

  Coupled with CRO tools, certain testing tools and web analytics tools play a crucial role. They offer insight into user behaviour patterns, enabling businesses to choose effective strategies. By understanding what resonates with users, these tools help inform data-driven decisions. This allows businesses to refine online strategies and enhance the customer experience.

  CRO tools enhance user experiences and ensure business sustainability. Integrating these tools is crucial for staying ahead. CRO and web analytics work together to optimise digital presence. 

  Real-world examples of CRO tools in action

  In this section, we’ll explore real case studies showcasing CRO tools in action. See how businesses enhance conversion rates, user experiences, and online performance. These studies reveal the practical impact of data-driven decisions and user-focused strategies.

  

  Case study : How Matomo’s Form Analytics helped Concrete CMS 3x leads

  Concrete CMS, is a content management system provider that helps users build and manage websites. They used Matomo’s Form Analytics to uncover that users were getting stuck at the address input stage of the onboarding process. Using these insights to make adjustments to their onboarding form, Concrete CMS was able to achieve 3 times the amount of leads in just a few days.

  Read the full Concrete CMS case study.

  Best analytics tools for enhancing conversion rate optimisation in 2023

  Jump to the comparison table to see an overview of each tool.

  1. Matomo

  

  Matomo stands out as an all-encompassing tool that seamlessly combines traditional web analytics features (like pageviews and bounce rates) with advanced behavioural analytics capabilities, providing a full spectrum of insights for effective CRO.

  Key features

  • Heatmaps and Session Recordings :
    These features empower businesses to see their websites through the eyes of their visitors. By visually mapping user engagement and observing individual sessions, businesses can make informed decisions, enhance user experience and ultimately increase conversions. These tools are invaluable assets for businesses aiming to create user-friendly websites.

  • Form Analytics :
    Matomo’s Form Analytics offers comprehensive tracking of user interactions within forms. This includes covering input fields, dropdowns, buttons and submissions. Businesses can create custom conversion funnels and pinpoint form abandonment reasons. 

  • Users Flow :
    Matomo’s Users Flow feature tracks visitor paths, drop-offs and successful routes, helping businesses optimise their websites. This insight informs decisions, enhances user experience, and boosts conversion rates.

  • Surveys plugin :
    The Matomo Surveys plugin allows businesses to gather direct feedback from users. This feature enhances understanding by capturing user opinions, adding another layer to the analytical depth Matomo offers.

  • A/B testing :
    The platform allows you to conduct A/B tests to compare different versions of web pages. This helps determine which performs better in conversions. By conducting experiments and analysing the results within Matomo, businesses can iteratively refine their content and design elements.

  • Funnels :
    Matomo’s Funnels feature empower businesses to visualise, analyse and optimise their conversion paths. By identifying drop-off points, tailoring user experiences and conducting A/B tests within the funnel, businesses can make data-driven decisions that significantly boost conversions and enhance the overall user journey on their websites.

  Pros

  • Starting at $19 per month, Matomo is an affordable CRO solution.
  • Matomo guarantees accurate data, eliminating the need to fill gaps with artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning. 
  • Matomo’s open-source framework ensures enhanced security, privacy, customisation, community support and long-term reliability. 

  Cons

  • The On-Premise (self-hosted) version is free, with additional charges for advanced features.
  • Managing Matomo On-Premise requires servers and technical know-how.

  Try Matomo for Free

  Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.

  Start for free

  No credit card required

  2. Google Analytics

  

  Google Analytics provides businesses and website owners valuable insights into their online audience. It tracks website traffic, user interactions and analyses conversion data to enhance the user experience.

  While Google Analytics may not provide the extensive CRO-specific features found in other tools on this list, it can still serve as a valuable resource for basic analysis and optimisation of conversion rates.

  Key features

  • Comprehensive Data Tracking :
    Google Analytics meticulously tracks website traffic, user behaviour and conversion rates. These insights form the foundation for CRO efforts. Businesses can identify patterns, user bottlenecks and high-performing areas.

  • Real-Time Reporting :
    Access to real-time data is invaluable for CRO efforts. Monitor current website activity, user interactions, and campaign performance as they unfold. This immediate feedback empowers businesses to make instant adjustments, optimising web elements and content for maximum conversions.

  • User flow analysis
    Visualise and understand how visitors navigate through your website. It provides insights into the paths users take as they move from one page to another, helping you identify the most common routes and potential drop-off points in the user journey.

  • Event-based tracking :
    GA4’s event-based reporting offers greater flexibility and accuracy in data collection. By tracking various interactions, including video views and checkout processes, businesses can gather more precise insights into user behaviour. 

  • Funnels :
    GA4 offers multistep funnels, path analysis, custom metrics that integrate with audience segments. These user behaviour insights help businesses to tailor their websites, marketing campaigns and user experiences.

  Pros

  • Flexible audience management across products, regions or brands allow businesses to analyse data from multiple source properties. 
  • Google Analytics integrates with other Google services and third-party platforms. This enables a comprehensive view of online activities.
  • Free to use, although enterprises may need to switch to the paid version to accommodate higher data volumes.

  Cons

  • Google Analytics raises privacy concerns, primarily due to its tracking capabilities and the extensive data it collects.
  • Limitations imposed by thresholding can significantly hinder efforts to enhance user experience and boost conversions effectively.
  • Property and sampling limits exist. This creates problems when you’re dealing with extensive datasets or high-traffic websites. 
  • The interface is difficult to navigate and configure, resulting in a steep learning curve.

  3. Contentsquare

  

  Contentsquare is a web analytics and CRO platform. It stands out for its in-depth behavioural analytics. Contentsquare offers detailed data on how users interact with websites and mobile applications.

  Key features

  • Heatmaps and Session Replays :
    Users can visualise website interactions through heatmaps, highlighting popular areas and drop-offs. Session replay features enable the playback of user sessions. These provide in-depth insights into individual user experiences.

  • Conversion Funnel Analysis :
    Contentsquare tracks users through conversion funnels, identifying where users drop off during conversion. This helps in optimising the user journey and increasing conversion rates.

  • Segmentation and Personalisation :
    Businesses can segment their audience based on various criteria. Segments help create personalised experiences, tailoring content and offers to specific user groups.

  • Integration Capabilities :
    Contentsquare integrates with various third-party tools and platforms, enhancing its functionality and allowing businesses to leverage their existing tech stack.

  Pros

  • Comprehensive support and resources.
  • User-friendly interface.
  • Personalisation capabilities.

  Cons

  • High price point.
  • Steep learning curve.

  4. Hotjar

  

  Hotjar is a robust tool designed to unravel user behaviour intricacies. With its array of features including visual heatmaps, session recordings and surveys, it goes beyond just identifying popular areas and drop-offs.

  Hotjar provides direct feedback and offers an intuitive interface, enabling seamless experience optimisation.

  Key features

  • Heatmaps :
    Hotjar provides visual heatmaps that display user interactions on your website. Heatmaps show where users click, scroll, and how far they read. This feature helps identify popular areas and points of abandonment.

  • Session Recordings :
    Hotjar allows you to record user sessions and watch real interactions on your site. This insight is invaluable for understanding user behaviour and identifying usability issues.

  • Surveys and Feedback :
    Hotjar offers on-site surveys and feedback forms that can get triggered based on user behaviour. These tools help collect qualitative data from real users, providing valuable insights.

  • Recruitment Tool :
    Hotjar’s recruitment tool lets you recruit participants from your website for user testing. This feature streamlines the process of finding participants for usability studies.

  • Funnel and Form Analysis :
    Hotjar enables the tracking of user journeys through funnels. It provides insights into where users drop off during the conversion process. It also offers form analysis to optimise form completion rates.

  • User Polls :
    You can create customisable polls to engage with visitors. Gather specific feedback on your website, products, or services.

  Pros

  • Starting at $32 per month, Hotjar is a cost-effective solution for most businesses. 
  • Hotjar provides a user-friendly interface that is easy for the majority of users to pick up quickly.

  Cons

  • Does not provide traditional web analytics and requires combining with another tool, potentially creating a less streamlined and cohesive user experience, which can complicate conversion rate optimization efforts.
  • Hotjar’s limited integrations can hinder its ability to seamlessly work with other essential tools and platforms, potentially further complicating CRO.

  Comparison Table

  Please note : We aim to keep this table accurate and up to date. However, if you see any inaccuracies or outdated information, please email us at marketing@matomo.org

  To make comparing these tools even easier, we’ve put together a table for you to compare features and price points :

  

  Conclusion

  CRO tools and web analytics are essential for online success. Businesses thrive by investing wisely, understanding user behaviour and using targeted strategies. The key : generate traffic and convert it into leads and customers. The right tools and strategies lead to remarkable conversions and online success. Each click, each interaction, becomes an opportunity to create an engaging user journey. This careful orchestration of data and insight separates thriving businesses from the rest.

  Are you ready to embark on a journey toward improved conversions and enhanced user experiences ? Matomo offers analytics solutions meticulously designed to complement your CRO strategy. Take the next step in your CRO journey. Start your 21-day free trial today—no credit card required.

  Try Matomo for Free

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