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• Survey of CD Image Formats

  30 avril 2013, par Multimedia Mike — General

  In the course of exploring and analyzing the impressive library of CD images curated at the Internet Archive’s Shareware CD collection, one encounters a wealth of methods for copying a complete CD image onto other media for transport. In researching the formats, I have found that many of them are native to various binary, proprietary CD programs that operate under Windows. Since I have an interest in interpreting these image formats and I would also like to do so outside of Windows, I thought to conduct a survey to determine if enough information exists to write processing tools of my own.

  Remember from my Grand Unified Theory of Compact Disc that CDs, from a high enough level of software abstraction, are just strings of 2352-byte sectors broken up into tracks. The difference among various types of CDs comes down to the specific meaning of these 2352 bytes.

  Most imaging formats rip these strings of sectors into a giant file and then record some metadata information about the tracks and sectors.

  ISO
  This is perhaps the most common method for storing CD images. It’s generally only applicable to data CD-ROMs. File images generally end with a .iso extension. This refers to ISO-9660 which is the standard CD filesystem.

  Sometimes, disc images ripped from other types of discs (like Xbox/360 or GameCube discs) bear the extension .iso, which is a bit of a misnomer since they aren’t formatted using the ISO-9660 filesystem. But the extension sort of stuck.

  BIN / CUE
  I see the BIN & CUE file format combination quite frequently. Reportedly, a program named CDRWIN deployed this format first. This format can handle a mixed mode CD (e.g., starts with a data track and is followed by a series of audio tracks), whereas ISO can only handle the data track. The BIN file contains the raw data while the CUE file is a text file that defines how the BIN file is formatted (how many bytes in a sector, how many sectors to each individual track).

  CDI
  This originates from a program called DiscJuggler. This is extremely prevalent in the Sega Dreamcast hobbyist community for some reason. I studied the raw hex dumps of some sample CDI files but there was no obvious data (mostly 0s). There is an open source utility called cdi2iso which is able to extract an ISO image from a CDI file. The program’s source clued me in that the metadata is actually sitting at the end of the image file. This makes sense when you consider how a ripping program needs to operate– copy tracks, sector by sector, and then do something with the metadata after the fact. Options include : 1) Write metadata at the end of the file (as seen here) ; 2) write metadata into a separate file (seen in other formats on this list) ; 3) write the data at the beginning of the file which would require a full rewrite of the entire (usually large) image file (I haven’t seen this yet).

  Anyway, I believe I have enough information to write a program that can interpret a CDI file. The reason this format is favored for Dreamcast disc images is likely due to the extreme weirdness of Dreamcast discs (it’s complicated, but eventually fits into my Grand Unified Theory of CDs, if you look at it from a high level).

  MDF / MDS
  MDF and MDS pairs come from a program called Alcohol 120%. The MDF file has the data while the MDS file contains the metadata. The metadata is in an opaque binary format, though. Thankfully, the Wikipedia page links to a description of the format. That’s another image format down.

  CCD / SUB / IMG
  The CloneCD Control File is one I just ran across today thanks to a new image posted at the IA Shareware Archive (see Super Duke Volume 2). I haven’t found any definitive documentation on this, but it also doesn’t seen too complicated. The .ccd file is a text file that is pretty self-explanatory. The sample linked above, however, only has a .ccd file and a .sub file. I’m led to believe that the .sub file contains subchannel information while a .img file is supposed to contain the binary data. So this rip might be incomplete (nope, the .img file is on the page, in the sidebar ; thanks to Phil in the comments for pointing this out). The .sub file is a bit short compared to the Archive’s description of the disc’s contents (only about 4.6 MB of data) and when I briefly scrolled through, it didn’t look like it contains any real computer data. So it probably is just the disc’s subchannel data (something I glossed over in my Grand Unified Theory).

  CSO
  I have dealt with the CISO (compressed ISO) format before. It’s basically the same as a .iso file described above except that each individual 2048-byte data sector is compressed using zlib. The format boasts up to 9 compression levels, which shouldn’t be a big surprise since that correlates to zlib’s own compression tiers.

  Others
  Wikipedia has a category for optical disc image formats. Of course, there are numerous others. However, I haven’t encountered them in the wild for the purpose of broad image distribution.

• Libav AVFrame to Opencv Mat to AVPacket conversion

  14 mars 2018, par Davood Falahati

  I am new to libav and I am writing a video manipulation software which uses opencv as its heart. What I did is briefly as below :

  1- read the video packet

  2- decode the packet into AVFrame

  3- convert
  the AVFrame to CV Mat

  4- manipulate the Mat

  5- convert the CV Mat
  into AVFrame

  6- encode the AVFrame into AVPacket

  7- write the packet

  8- goto 1

  I read dranger tutorial in http://dranger.com/ffmpeg/tutorial01.html and I also used decoding_encoding example. I can read the video, extract video frames and convert them to CV Mat. My problem starts from converting from cv Mat to AVFrame and encode it to AVPacket.

  Would you please help me with this ?

  Here is my code :

  int main(int argc, char **argv)
  
  {
  
  AVOutputFormat *ofmt = NULL;
  
  AVFormatContext *ifmt_ctx = NULL, *ofmt_ctx = NULL;
  
  AVPacket pkt;
  
  AVCodecContext    *pCodecCtx = NULL;
  
  AVCodec           *pCodec = NULL;
  
  AVFrame           *pFrame = NULL;
  
  AVFrame           *pFrameRGB = NULL;
  
  int videoStream=-1;
  
  int audioStream=-1;
  
  int               frameFinished;
  
  int               numBytes;
  
  uint8_t           *buffer = NULL;
  
  struct SwsContext *sws_ctx = NULL;
  
  FrameManipulation *mal_frame;
  
  
  
  const char *in_filename, *out_filename;
  
  int ret, i;
  
  if (argc < 3) {
  
  
  
      printf("usage: %s input output\n"
  
             "API example program to remux a media file with libavformat and libavcodec.\n"
  
             "The output format is guessed according to the file extension.\n"
  
             "\n", argv[0]);
  
      return 1;
  
  }
  
  in_filename  = arg[1];
  
  out_filename = arg[2];
  
  av_register_all();
  
  if ((ret = avformat_open_input(&ifmt_ctx, in_filename, 0, 0)) < 0) {
  
      fprintf(stderr, "Could not open input file '%s'", in_filename);
  
      goto end;
  
  }
  
  
  
  if ((ret = avformat_find_stream_info(ifmt_ctx, 0)) < 0) {
  
      fprintf(stderr, "Failed to retrieve input stream information");
  
      goto end;
  
  }
  
  
  
  av_dump_format(ifmt_ctx, 0, in_filename, 0);
  
  avformat_alloc_output_context2(&ofmt_ctx, NULL, NULL, out_filename);
  
  
  
  if (!ofmt_ctx) {
  
      fprintf(stderr, "Could not create output context\n");
  
      ret = AVERROR_UNKNOWN;
  
      goto end;
  
  }
  
  
  
  ofmt = ofmt_ctx->oformat;
  
  
  
  for (i = 0; i < ifmt_ctx->nb_streams; i++) {
  
      AVStream *in_stream = ifmt_ctx->streams[i];
  
      AVStream *out_stream = avformat_new_stream(ofmt_ctx, in_stream->codec->codec);
  
  
  
      if(ifmt_ctx->streams[i]->codec->codec_type==AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO &&
  
         videoStream < 0) {
  
             videoStream=i;
  
      }
  
  
  
      if(ifmt_ctx->streams[i]->codec->codec_type==AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO &&
  
         audioStream < 0) {
  
              audioStream=i;
  
      }
  
  
  
      if (!out_stream) {
  
          fprintf(stderr, "Failed allocating output stream\n");
  
          ret = AVERROR_UNKNOWN;
  
          goto end;
  
      }
  
  
  
      ret = avcodec_copy_context(out_stream->codec, in_stream->codec);
  
  
  
      if (ret < 0) {
  
          fprintf(stderr, "Failed to copy context from input to output stream codec context\n");
  
          goto end;
  
      }
  
  
  
      out_stream->codec->codec_tag = 0;
  
  
  
      if (ofmt_ctx->oformat->flags & AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER)
  
         out_stream->codec->flags |= AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;
  
  }
  
  
  
  pCodec=avcodec_find_decoder(ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->codec_id);
  
  pCodecCtx = avcodec_alloc_context3(pCodec);
  
  
  
  if(avcodec_copy_context(pCodecCtx, ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec) != 0) {
  
    fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't copy codec context");
  
    return -1; // Error copying codec context
  
  }
  
  
  
  // Open codec
  
   if(avcodec_open2(pCodecCtx, pCodec, NULL)<0)
  
     return -1; // Could not open codec
  
  
  
  // Allocate video frame
  
   pFrame=av_frame_alloc();
  
  
  
   // Allocate an AVFrame structure
  
   pFrameRGB=av_frame_alloc();
  
  
  
   // Determine required buffer size and allocate buffer
  
   numBytes=avpicture_get_size(AV_PIX_FMT_RGB24, ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->width,
  
                   ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->height);
  
  
  
   buffer=(uint8_t *)av_malloc(numBytes*sizeof(uint8_t));
  
  
  
   // Assign appropriate parts of buffer to image planes in pFrameRGB
  
   // Note that pFrameRGB is an AVFrame, but AVFrame is a superset
  
   // of AVPicture
  
   avpicture_fill((AVPicture *)pFrameRGB, buffer, AV_PIX_FMT_BGR24,
  
          ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->width, ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->height);
  
  
  
   av_dump_format(ofmt_ctx, 0, out_filename, 1);
  
  
  
   if (!(ofmt->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE)) {
  
      ret = avio_open(&ofmt_ctx->pb, out_filename, AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);
  
      if (ret < 0) {
  
          fprintf(stderr, "Could not open output file '%s'", out_filename);
  
          goto end;
  
      }
  
  }
  
  
  
  ret = avformat_write_header(ofmt_ctx, NULL);
  
  if (ret < 0) {
  
      fprintf(stderr, "Error occurred when opening output file\n");
  
      goto end;
  
  }
  
  
  
  // Assign appropriate parts of buffer to image planes in pFrameRGB
  
  // Note that pFrameRGB is an AVFrame, but AVFrame is a superset
  
  // of AVPicture
  
  
  
  avpicture_fill((AVPicture *)pFrameRGB, buffer, AV_PIX_FMT_BGR24,
  
                     ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->width,
  
                     ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->height);
  
  
  
  // initialize SWS context for software scaling
  
  sws_ctx = sws_getContext(
  
               ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->width,
  
               ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->height,
  
               ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->pix_fmt,
  
               ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->width,
  
               ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->height,
  
               AV_PIX_FMT_BGR24,
  
               SWS_BICUBIC,
  
               NULL,
  
               NULL,
  
               NULL
  
               );
  
  // Loop through packets
  
  while (1) {
  
  
  
      AVStream *in_stream, *out_stream;
  
      ret = av_read_frame(ifmt_ctx, &pkt);
  
      if(pkt.stream_index==videoStream)
  
  
  
       // Decode video frame
  
        avcodec_decode_video2(pCodecCtx, pFrame, &frameFinished, &pkt);
  
  
  
        if(frameFinished) {
  
                  sws_scale(sws_ctx, (uint8_t const * const *)pFrame->data,
  
                  pFrame->linesize, 0, pCodecCtx->height,
  
                  pFrameRGB->data, pFrameRGB->linesize);
  
                  cv::Mat img= mal_frame->process(
  
                            pFrameRGB,pFrame->width,pFrame->height);
  
  /* My problem is Here ------------*/
  
  
  
  
  
      avpicture_fill((AVPicture*)pFrameRGB, 
  
                       img.data, 
  
                       PIX_FMT_BGR24, 
  
                       outStream->codec->width, 
  
                       outStream->codec->height);
  
  
  
      pFrameRGB->width =  ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->width;
  
      pFrameRGB->height = ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->height;
  
  
  
              avcodec_encode_video2(ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec , 
  
                                                       &pkt , pFrameRGB , &gotPacket);
  
  /*
  
  I get this error
  
  [swscaler @ 0x14b58a0] bad src image pointers
  
  [swscaler @ 0x14b58a0] bad src image pointers
  
  */
  
  
  
  /* My Problem Ends here ---------- */
  
  
  
      }
  
  
  
      if (ret < 0)
  
  
  
          break;
  
  
  
      in_stream  = ifmt_ctx->streams[pkt.stream_index];
  
  
  
      out_stream = ofmt_ctx->streams[pkt.stream_index];
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
      //log_packet(ifmt_ctx, &pkt, "in");
  
  
  
      /* copy packet */
  
  
  
      pkt.pts = av_rescale_q_rnd(pkt.pts, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base,
  
  
  
                                 AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF);
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
      pkt.dts = av_rescale_q_rnd(pkt.dts, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base, AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF);
  
  
  
      pkt.duration = av_rescale_q(pkt.duration, in_stream->time_base, out_stream->time_base);
  
  
  
      pkt.pos = -1;
  
  
  
      log_packet(ofmt_ctx, &pkt, "out");
  
  
  
      ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(ofmt_ctx, &pkt);
  
  
  
      if (ret < 0) {
  
  
  
          fprintf(stderr, "Error muxing packet\n");
  
  
  
          break;
  
  
  
      }
  
  
  
      av_free_packet(&pkt);
  
  
  
  }
  
  
  
  av_write_trailer(ofmt_ctx);
  
  
  
  end:
  
  
  
  avformat_close_input(&ifmt_ctx);
  
  
  
  /* close output */
  
  
  
  if (ofmt_ctx && !(ofmt->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE))
  
  
  
      avio_closep(&ofmt_ctx->pb);
  
  
  
  avformat_free_context(ofmt_ctx);
  
  
  
  if (ret < 0 && ret != AVERROR_EOF) {
  
  
  
      return 1;
  
  
  
  }
  
  
  
  return 0;
  
  
  
  }

  When I run this code, I get unknown fatal error in this part :

     /* My problem is Here ------------*/
  
  
  
  
  
      avpicture_fill((AVPicture*)pFrameRGB, 
  
                       img.data, 
  
                       PIX_FMT_BGR24, 
  
                       outStream->codec->width, 
  
                       outStream->codec->height);
  
  
  
      pFrameRGB->width =  ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->width;
  
      pFrameRGB->height = ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec->height;
  
  
  
              avcodec_encode_video2(ifmt_ctx->streams[videoStream]->codec , 
  
                                                       &pkt , pFrameRGB , &gotPacket);
  
  /*
  
  I get this error
  
  [swscaler @ 0x14b58a0] bad src image pointers
  
  [swscaler @ 0x14b58a0] bad src image pointers
  
  */
  
  
  
  /* My Problem Ends here ---------- */

  Here is where I want to convert back cv Mat to AVFrame and encode it to AVPacket. I appreciate your help.

• How to check if FFmpeg process is complete

  5 juillet 2017, par lllazo

  How can I check if ffmpeg process is complete.
  Like if I want to perform overlaying of image to video, I want to determine when the process is completed or if the output file is already complete.

  So from this command

    ffmpeg -i original.mp4 -i watermark.png -filter_complex "overlay=(W-w)/2:(H-h)/2" output.mp4

  How can I determine if output.mp4 is already complete.
  Because if I have another function to transfer the output file somewhere, the transferred file is still incomplete by the time transfer is executed.