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Autres articles (53)
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Support de tous types de médias
10 avril 2011Contrairement à beaucoup de logiciels et autres plate-formes modernes de partage de documents, MediaSPIP a l’ambition de gérer un maximum de formats de documents différents qu’ils soient de type : images (png, gif, jpg, bmp et autres...) ; audio (MP3, Ogg, Wav et autres...) ; vidéo (Avi, MP4, Ogv, mpg, mov, wmv et autres...) ; contenu textuel, code ou autres (open office, microsoft office (tableur, présentation), web (html, css), LaTeX, Google Earth) (...)
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MediaSPIP v0.2
21 juin 2013, parMediaSPIP 0.2 est la première version de MediaSPIP stable.
Sa date de sortie officielle est le 21 juin 2013 et est annoncée ici.
Le fichier zip ici présent contient uniquement les sources de MediaSPIP en version standalone.
Comme pour la version précédente, il est nécessaire d’installer manuellement l’ensemble des dépendances logicielles sur le serveur.
Si vous souhaitez utiliser cette archive pour une installation en mode ferme, il vous faudra également procéder à d’autres modifications (...) -
Mise à disposition des fichiers
14 avril 2011, parPar défaut, lors de son initialisation, MediaSPIP ne permet pas aux visiteurs de télécharger les fichiers qu’ils soient originaux ou le résultat de leur transformation ou encodage. Il permet uniquement de les visualiser.
Cependant, il est possible et facile d’autoriser les visiteurs à avoir accès à ces documents et ce sous différentes formes.
Tout cela se passe dans la page de configuration du squelette. Il vous faut aller dans l’espace d’administration du canal, et choisir dans la navigation (...)
Sur d’autres sites (7583)
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Rails : Encoder error when converting video using FFMPEG on Heroku
2 janvier 2013, par andmcgregorI'm trying to upload a video and convert the file to mp4 and reduce the file size using the
paperclip-ffmpeg
andpaperclip
gems. Everything works fine running a local server and I'm only getting this problem on heroku. I have ffmpeg installed in vendor/ffmpeg/ (I followed these steps : https://gist.github.com/3963576). Here is the code I've got and the error I'm getting :models/video.rb :
class Video < ActiveRecord::Base
attr_accessible :content, :user_id, :video
has_attached_file :video , :styles => {
:medium => { :geometry => "500x500", :format => 'mp4',
:convert_options => { :output => { :vcodec => 'libx264',
:b => '1000k', :bt => '200k',
:acodec => 'libfaac', :ab => '56k', :ac => 2 } } }
}, :processors => [:ffmpeg]
belongs_to :user
endwhen I run
heroku logs
:2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: Started POST "/videos" for 101.170.255.251 at 2013-01-02 00:38:20 +0000
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: Processing by VideosController#create as HTML
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"X0IKts46TF8aFvEb1I/szFo/28omlVBXIIyJ3APz3YA=", "video"=>{"content"=>"", "video"=>#quicktime\r\n", @tempfile=#tmp/RackMultipart20130102-2-1ch9zcp>>}, "commit"=>"Post"}
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] ffmpeg -i "/tmp/sample20130102-2-4j5sgh.mov" 2>&1
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Resize
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Command Success
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Making...
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Building Destination File: 'sample20130102-2-4j5sgh' + 'mp4'
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Destination File Built
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Adding Source
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Adding Geometry
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Convert Options: 500x280
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Adding Format
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] -i :source -y -vcodec libx264 -b 1000k -bt 200k -acodec libfaac -ab 56k -ac 2 -s 500x280 :dest
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Extracting Target Dimensions
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Building Parameters
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Target Size is Available
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] [ffmpeg] Keeping Aspect Ratio
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: Command :: ffmpeg -i '/tmp/sample20130102-2-4j5sgh.mov' -y -vcodec libx264 -b 1000k -bt 200k -acodec libfaac -ab 56k -ac 2 -s 500x280 '/tmp/sample20130102-2-4j5sgh20130102-2-1mr35ix.mp4'
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: ffmpeg version git-2013-01-01-d079d1d Copyright (c) 2000-2012 the FFmpeg developers
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: built on Jan 1 2013 12:59:49 with gcc 4.4.3 (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5)
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: configuration: --enable-shared --disable-asm --prefix=/app/vendor/ffmpeg
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: libavfilter 3. 30.102 / 3. 30.102
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: libavcodec 54. 85.100 / 54. 85.100
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: libavdevice 54. 3.102 / 54. 3.102
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: libavutil 52. 13.100 / 52. 13.100
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: libswresample 0. 17.102 / 0. 17.102
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: libswscale 2. 1.103 / 2. 1.103
2013-01-02T00:38:20+00:00 app[web.1]: libavformat 54. 58.100 / 54. 58.100
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: creation_time : 2013-01-02 00:36:58
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: minor_version : 0
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: major_brand : qt
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from '/tmp/sample20130102-2-4j5sgh.mov':
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: model : iPhone 4
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: compatible_brands: qt
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: model-eng : iPhone 4
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: make-eng : Apple
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: date-eng : 2012-12-28T00:39:34+1100
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: encoder : 6.0
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: encoder-eng : 6.0
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Duration: 00:00:00.03, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 9465 kb/s
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Stream #0:0(und): Audio: aac (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 44100 Hz, mono, fltp, 75 kb/s
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: date : 2012-12-28T00:39:34+1100
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: creation_time : 2013-01-02 00:36:58
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: make : Apple
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Metadata:
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Metadata:
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: handler_name : Core Media Data Handler
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Stream #0:1(und): Video: h264 (Main) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p, 640x360 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 8605 kb/s, 30 fps, 30 tbr, 600 tbn, 1200 tbc
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Metadata:
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: handler_name : Core Media Data Handler
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Unknown encoder 'libx264'
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Please use -b:a or -b:v, -b is ambiguous
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: creation_time : 2013-01-02 00:36:58
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: [paperclip] An error was received while processing: #
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Rendered videos/new.html.erb within layouts/application (3.2ms)
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 heroku[router]: at=info method=POST path=/videos host=stark-sea-5654.herokuapp.com fwd=101.170.255.251 dyno=web.1 queue=0 wait=0ms connect=3ms service=3685ms status=200 bytes=1878
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Rendered layouts/_footer.html.erb (0.0ms)
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Completed 200 OK in 342ms (Views: 124.8ms | ActiveRecord: 10.4ms)
2013-01-02T00:38:21+00:00 app[web.1]: Rendered layouts/_header.html.erb (1.2ms)Everything works fine until the message
Unknown encoder 'libx264'
so I'm thinking it's something to do with ffmpeg perhaps ? -
Conflicting types error using linphone ios sdk
4 décembre 2013, par VinZI downloaded the linphone sdk for iphone sourcecode and compiled it on my machine. The SDK build was successful after few fixes. But while building the app in Xcode, it is throwing the following error :
Error 1 :
/linphone-iphone/submodules/linphone/mediastreamer2/src/utils/ffmpeg-priv.h:78:17: Conflicting types for 'avcodec_alloc_context3'
Error 2 :
/linphone-iphone/submodules/linphone/mediastreamer2/src/utils/ffmpeg-priv.h:82:5: Conflicting types for 'avcodec_open2'
It is coming from mediastreamer2/ffmpeg source code. Any help on how to fix this is highly appreciated.
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Re-creating/matching ffmpeg settings
8 novembre 2013, par Pete HelgrenI have an MP4 file that plays pretty much on every browser using either HTML5 or flash fallback (using mediaelement.js). I also have a series of additional video files that I would like to have "match" the one file that does play consistently but I haven't been able to match the ffmpeg settings so it produces a like file. I used ffprobe and got the following results on the file that plays successfully :
ffprobe version N-53616-g7a2edcf Copyright (c) 2007-2013 the FFmpeg developers
built on May 29 2013 01:21:08 with gcc 4.7.3 (GCC)
configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --disable-w32threads --enable-av
isynth --enable-bzlib --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gnutls --enab
le-iconv --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libcaca --enable-libfreetyp
e --enable-libgsm --enable-libilbc --enable-libmodplug --enable-libmp3lame --ena
ble-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-l
ibopus --enable-librtmp --enable-libschroedinger --enable-libsoxr --enable-libsp
eex --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvo-aacenc --enable-libvo-
amrwbenc --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libxavs --
enable-libxvid --enable-zlib
libavutil 52. 34.100 / 52. 34.100
libavcodec 55. 12.102 / 55. 12.102
libavformat 55. 7.100 / 55. 7.100
libavdevice 55. 1.101 / 55. 1.101
libavfilter 3. 72.100 / 3. 72.100
libswscale 2. 3.100 / 2. 3.100
libswresample 0. 17.102 / 0. 17.102
libpostproc 52. 3.100 / 52. 3.100
Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'MyFile.mp4':
Metadata:
major_brand : M4V
minor_version : 1
compatible_brands: M4V mp42isom
creation_time : 2013-05-29 16:08:29
Duration: 00:01:58.10, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 1155 kb/s
Stream #0:0(eng): Video: h264 (Main) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p, 854x480 [SAR 1:1 DAR 427:240], 995 kb/s, 29.97 fps, 29.97 tbr, 30k tbn, 59.94 tbc
Metadata:
creation_time : 2013-05-29 16:08:29
handler_name : Mainconcept MP4 Video Media Handler
Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 157 kb/s
Metadata:
creation_time : 2013-05-29 16:08:29
handler_name : Mainconcept MP4 Sound Media HandlerFollowing a few guides I found online, I am using the following ffmpeg settings :
ffmpeg -i {input file name} -y -acodec aac -ac 2 -strict experimental -ab 64k -s 320x240 -vcodec libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset slow -profile:v baseline -level 30 -maxrate 300k -bufsize 600k -b:v 300k -f mp4 -threads 0 -movflags +faststart {output file name}
That command produces the following output :
ffmpeg -i "testin.mp4" -y -acodec aac -ac 2 -strict experimental -ab 64k -s 320x240 -vcodec libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset slow-profile:v baseline -level 30 -maxrate 300k -bufsize 600k -b:v 300k -f mp4 -threads 0 -movflags +faststart testout.mp4
ffmpeg version N-53616-g7a2edcf Copyright (c) 2000-2013 the FFmpeg developers built on May 29 2013 01:21:08 with gcc 4.7.3 (GCC) configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --disable-w32threads --enable-avisynth --enable-bzlib --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gnutls --enable-iconv --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libcaca --enable-libfreetype --enable-libgsm --enable-libilbc --enable-libmodplug --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-librtmp --enable-libschroedinger --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvo-aacenc --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-libxavs --enable-libxvid --enable-zlib
libavutil 52. 34.100 / 52. 34.100
libavcodec 55. 12.102 / 55. 12.102
libavformat 55. 7.100 / 55. 7.100
libavdevice 55. 1.101 / 55. 1.101
libavfilter 3. 72.100 / 3. 72.100
libswscale 2. 3.100 / 2. 3.100
libswresample 0. 17.102 / 0. 17.102
libpostproc 52. 3.100 / 52. 3.100
Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'testin.mp4':
Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: mp42mp41
creation_time : 2013-10-01 17:11:42
Duration: 00:04:33.75, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 725 kb/s
Stream #0:0(eng): Video: h264 (Baseline) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p, 320x240 [SAR 1:1 DAR 4:3], 596 kb/s, 29.97 fps, 29.97 tbr, 30k tbn, 59.94 tbc
Metadata:
creation_time : 2013-10-01 17:11:42
handler_name : ?Mainconcept Video Media Handler
Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 125 kb/s
Metadata:
creation_time : 2013-10-01 17:11:42
handler_name : #Mainconcept MP4 Sound Media Handler
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] using SAR=1/1
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 SSE4.2AVX
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] profile Constrained Baseline, level 3.0
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] 264 - core 133 r2334 a3ac64b - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec - Copyleft 2003-2013 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - options: cabac=0 ref=5 deblock=1:0:0 analyse=0x1:0x111 me=umh subme=8 psy=1 psy_rd=1.00:0.00 mixed_ref=1 me_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=1 8x8dct=0 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pskip=1 chroma_qp_offset=-2 threads=6 lookahead_threads=1 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decimate=1 interlaced=0 bluray_compat=0 constrained_intra=0 bframes=0 weightp=0 keyint=250 keyint_min=25 scenecut=40 intra_refresh=0 rc_lookahead=50 rc=cbr mbtree=1 bitrate=300 ratetol=1.0 qcomp=0.60 qpmin=0 qpmax=69 qpstep=4 vbv_maxrate=300 vbv_bufsize=600 nal_hrd=none ip_ratio=1.40 aq=1:1.00
Output #0, mp4, to 'testout.mp4':
Metadata:
major_brand : mp42
minor_version : 0
compatible_brands: mp42mp41
encoder : Lavf55.7.100
Stream #0:0(eng): Video: h264 (libx264) ([33][0][0][0] / 0x0021), yuv420p, 320x240 [SAR 1:1 DAR 4:3], q=-1--1, 300 kb/s, 30k tbn, 29.97 tbc
Metadata:
creation_time : 2013-10-01 17:11:42
handler_name : ?Mainconcept Video Media Handler
Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac ([64][0][0][0] / 0x0040), 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 64 kb/s
Metadata:
creation_time : 2013-10-01 17:11:42
handler_name : #Mainconcept MP4 Sound Media Handler
Stream mapping:
Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (h264 -> libx264)
Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (aac -> aac)
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
frame= 283 fps=0.0 q=21.0 size= 329kB time=00:00:09.30 bitrate= 289.9kbits/
frame= 565 fps=564 q=20.0 size= 760kB time=00:00:18.64 bitrate= 333.7kbits/
frame= 846 fps=564 q=21.0 size= 1179kB time=00:00:28.20 bitrate= 342.5kbits/
frame= 1123 fps=561 q=22.0 size= 1603kB time=00:00:37.33 bitrate= 351.7kbits/
frame= 1376 fps=550 q=25.0 size= 1986kB time=00:00:45.69 bitrate= 356.1kbits/
frame= 1651 fps=550 q=22.0 size= 2377kB time=00:00:55.01 bitrate= 353.9kbits/
frame= 1914 fps=546 q=24.0 size= 2776kB time=00:01:03.70 bitrate= 357.0kbits/
frame= 2181 fps=545 q=24.0 size= 3163kB time=00:01:12.70 bitrate= 356.4kbits/
frame= 2443 fps=543 q=24.0 size= 3566kB time=00:01:21.38 bitrate= 358.9kbits/
frame= 2702 fps=540 q=24.0 size= 3939kB time=00:01:30.04 bitrate= 358.4kbits/
frame= 2965 fps=539 q=24.0 size= 4338kB time=00:01:38.73 bitrate= 359.9kbits/
frame= 3236 fps=539 q=23.0 size= 4731kB time=00:01:48.03 bitrate= 358.7kbits/
frame= 3505 fps=539 q=24.0 size= 5130kB time=00:01:56.75 bitrate= 360.0kbits/
frame= 3765 fps=537 q=26.0 size= 5521kB time=00:02:05.41 bitrate= 360.6kbits/
frame= 4036 fps=538 q=24.0 size= 5905kB time=00:02:14.59 bitrate= 359.4kbits/
frame= 4326 fps=540 q=24.0 size= 6343kB time=00:02:24.10 bitrate= 360.6kbits/
frame= 4606 fps=542 q=27.0 size= 6783kB time=00:02:33.49 bitrate= 362.0kbits/
frame= 4886 fps=543 q=24.0 size= 7168kB time=00:02:42.81 bitrate= 360.7kbits/
frame= 5166 fps=544 q=27.0 size= 7616kB time=00:02:52.13 bitrate= 362.5kbits/
frame= 5456 fps=545 q=24.0 size= 8020kB time=00:03:01.84 bitrate= 361.3kbits/
frame= 5736 fps=546 q=27.0 size= 8458kB time=00:03:11.18 bitrate= 362.4kbits/
frame= 6001 fps=545 q=30.0 size= 8849kB time=00:03:20.17 bitrate= 362.1kbits/
frame= 6264 fps=544 q=27.0 size= 9233kB time=00:03:28.85 bitrate= 362.2kbits/
frame= 6526 fps=544 q=26.0 size= 9611kB time=00:03:37.55 bitrate= 361.9kbits/
frame= 6793 fps=543 q=26.0 size= 10006kB time=00:03:46.51 bitrate= 361.9kbits/
frame= 7076 fps=544 q=24.0 size= 10410kB time=00:03:55.86 bitrate= 361.6kbits/
frame= 7355 fps=544 q=25.0 size= 10835kB time=00:04:05.20 bitrate= 362.0kbits/
frame= 7615 fps=543 q=27.0 size= 11236kB time=00:04:13.88 bitrate= 362.5kbits/
frame= 7883 fps=543 q=25.0 size= 11625kB time=00:04:22.89 bitrate= 362.3kbits/
frame= 8166 fps=544 q=21.0 size= 12040kB time=00:04:32.31 bitrate= 362.2kbits/
Starting second pass: moving header on top of the file
frame= 8203 fps=540 q=-1.0 Lsize= 12417kB time=00:04:33.74 bitrate= 371.6kbits/s
video:10035kB audio:2150kB subtitle:0 global headers:0kB muxing overhead 1.901929%
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] frame I:41 Avg QP:14.13 size: 18349
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] frame P:8162 Avg QP:17.24 size: 1167
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] mb I I16..4: 24.8% 0.0% 75.2%
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] mb P I16..4: 0.4% 0.0% 0.3% P16..4: 29.1% 6.4% 3.2% 0.0% 0.0% skip:60.7%
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] coded y,uvDC,uvAC intra: 66.1% 74.1% 53.1% inter: 15.3% 20.2% 4.0%
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] i16 v,h,dc,p: 23% 21% 11% 45%
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] i4 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 21% 25% 14% 6% 7% 7% 7% 6% 7%
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] i8c dc,h,v,p: 43% 28% 19% 10%
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] ref P L0: 78.4% 12.6% 4.9% 2.4% 1.7%
[libx264 @ 0000000000358160] kb/s:300.33The one problem with the incantation above is that on iPad's and iPhones and some Android tablets all you hear is the audio with no video. But the file listed above (contents of the ffprobe) does not have that problem, it WILL play on an iPad, iPhone, Android tablet. I researched causes for "audio, no video" and the recommendations were all over the deck. But, the file listed in the ffprobe DOES play, so if I can match those settings described by the ffprobe for all of the other videos, they should play consistently as well. My challenge is to match the ffprobe settings using ffmpeg and there doesn't seem to be a 1 to 1 match between what I see in ffprobe and the corresponding settings in ffmpeg (a nice utility would be to have ffprobe output the ffmpeg settings that could be used to create a file of similar format).
I walked through the ffprobe documentation but couldn't find anything that would produce a format that could be used as input to ffmpeg. Suggestions ?