Recherche avancée
Médias (1)
-
Rennes Emotion Map 2010-11
19 octobre 2011, par
Mis à jour : Juillet 2013
Langue : français
Type : Texte
Autres articles (62)
-
Les formats acceptés
28 janvier 2010, parLes commandes suivantes permettent d’avoir des informations sur les formats et codecs gérés par l’installation local de ffmpeg :
ffmpeg -codecs ffmpeg -formats
Les format videos acceptés en entrée
Cette liste est non exhaustive, elle met en exergue les principaux formats utilisés : h264 : H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 m4v : raw MPEG-4 video format flv : Flash Video (FLV) / Sorenson Spark / Sorenson H.263 Theora wmv :
Les formats vidéos de sortie possibles
Dans un premier temps on (...) -
Ajouter notes et légendes aux images
7 février 2011, parPour pouvoir ajouter notes et légendes aux images, la première étape est d’installer le plugin "Légendes".
Une fois le plugin activé, vous pouvez le configurer dans l’espace de configuration afin de modifier les droits de création / modification et de suppression des notes. Par défaut seuls les administrateurs du site peuvent ajouter des notes aux images.
Modification lors de l’ajout d’un média
Lors de l’ajout d’un média de type "image" un nouveau bouton apparait au dessus de la prévisualisation (...) -
Demande de création d’un canal
12 mars 2010, parEn fonction de la configuration de la plateforme, l’utilisateur peu avoir à sa disposition deux méthodes différentes de demande de création de canal. La première est au moment de son inscription, la seconde, après son inscription en remplissant un formulaire de demande.
Les deux manières demandent les mêmes choses fonctionnent à peu près de la même manière, le futur utilisateur doit remplir une série de champ de formulaire permettant tout d’abord aux administrateurs d’avoir des informations quant à (...)
Sur d’autres sites (9742)
-
Getting and decoding video by RTP H264
29 novembre 2023, par AlekseiKraevParsing RTP H264.
WINAPI C. A queue from C++ has been applied, I repent.


RTP is generated using FFMPEG with the following command :
ffmpeg.exe -f gdigrab -framerate 25 -i desktop -s 853x480 -b:v 120000 -c:v libx264 -f rtp rtp ://127.0.0.1:8080


Parsing the incoming RTP/h264 stream and converting it to an RGB matrix.


video_H264_decode.h


#pragma once
#ifndef _VIDEO_H264_DECODE_SEND_H // Блокируем повторное включение этого модуля
#define _VIDEO_H264_DECODE_SEND_H
//******************************************************************************
// Section include
//******************************************************************************
#include "main.h"
#include 
//******************************************************************************
// Constants
//******************************************************************************

//******************************************************************************
// Type
//******************************************************************************
typedef struct {
 unsigned char* data;
 int size;
}RTPData_DType;

typedef struct 
{
 union
 {
 struct
 {
 char V:2; //Версия
 char P:1; //заполнение
 char X:1; //расширение
 char CC:4; //количество CSRC

 char M:1; //маркер (флаг последнего пакета AU),
 char PT:7; //полезная нагрузка (тип данных носителя полезной нагрузки RTP, H264 = 96)

 short sequence_number; //Порядковый номер: порядковый номер пакета RTP, увеличенный на 1.
 int time_stamp; //временная метка выборки медиа. 
 int SSRC; //Пакет данных имеет одинаковое происхождение.
 };
 unsigned char data[12];
 };
}RTPHeader_DType;
//******************************************************************************
// Global var
//******************************************************************************

//******************************************************************************
// Local function prototype
//******************************************************************************
UCHAR rtp_H264_recive_init(void);
UCHAR RTPStop(void);
//******************************************************************************
// Macros
//******************************************************************************
#define BYTE2_SWAP(X) ((((short)(X) & 0xff00) >> 8) |(((short)(X) & 0x00ff) << 8))
#endif
//******************************************************************************
// ENF OF FILE
//******************************************************************************


video_H264_decode.c


//******************************************************************************
//include
//******************************************************************************
#include "main.h"
/*#include "video_H264_decode.h"
#include 
#include 
#include <chrono>
#include 

#pragma comment(lib, "ws2_32.lib")
#include */
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

extern "C" {
#include "libavformat/avformat.h"
#include "libavfilter/avfilter.h"
#include "libavdevice/avdevice.h"
#include "libswscale/swscale.h"
#include "libswresample/swresample.h"
#include "libpostproc/postprocess.h"
#include "libavcodec/avcodec.h"
}

#pragma comment(lib,"avcodec.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"avdevice.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"avfilter.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"avformat.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"avutil.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"postproc.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"swresample.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"swscale.lib")

#pragma warning(disable: 4996)
//******************************************************************************
// Section for determining the variables used in the module
//******************************************************************************
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Global
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Local
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const int inteval = 0x01000000;
BOOL FlagRTPActive = TRUE;

HANDLE hMutexRTPRecive;
HANDLE hSemaphoreRTP;
HANDLE hTreadRTPRecive;
HANDLE hTreadRTPDecode;


SOCKET RTPSocket; //socket UDP RTP
RTPData_DType packet;
RTPData_DType FU_buffer = { 0 };

std::queue q;
std::set<int> seq;

AVFormatContext* pAVFormatContext;
AVCodecContext* pAVCodecContext;
const AVCodec* pAVCodec;
AVFrame* pAVFrame;
AVFrame* AVFrameRGG;
SwsContext* pSwsContext;
AVPacket *pAVPacket;
AVCodecParserContext* pAVCodecParserContext;

UINT port;
//******************************************************************************
// Section of prototypes of local functions
//******************************************************************************
DWORD WINAPI rtp_H264_recive_Procedure(CONST LPVOID lpParam);
DWORD WINAPI rtp_decode_Procedure(CONST LPVOID lpParam);
char RTPSocketInit(void);
void RTPPacketParser(void);
char RTPSocketRecive(void);
void Decode_NaluToAVFrameRGG();
//******************************************************************************
// Section of the description of functions
//******************************************************************************
UCHAR rtp_H264_recive_init(void)
{
 hSemaphoreRTP = CreateSemaphore(
 NULL, // default security attributes
 0, // initial count
 1, // maximum count
 NULL); // unnamed semaphore

 hMutexRTPRecive = CreateMutex(
 NULL, // default security attributes
 FALSE, // initially not owned
 NULL); // unnamed mutex

 hTreadRTPRecive = CreateThread(NULL, NULL, rtp_H264_recive_Procedure, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 hTreadRTPDecode = CreateThread(NULL, NULL, rtp_decode_Procedure, NULL, NULL, NULL);

 return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UCHAR RTPStop(void)
{
 FlagRTPActive = FALSE;

 if (hSemaphoreRTP) CloseHandle(hSemaphoreRTP);
 if (hMutexRTPRecive) CloseHandle(hMutexRTPRecive);
 if (hTreadRTPRecive) CloseHandle(hTreadRTPRecive);

 closesocket(RTPSocket); 

 return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DWORD WINAPI rtp_H264_recive_Procedure(CONST LPVOID lpParam)
{
 while (RTPSocketInit() == 0)
 Sleep(2000);
 
 while (1)
 {
 RTPSocketRecive();
 RTPPacketParser();
 ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphoreRTP, 1, NULL);
 }
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DWORD WINAPI rtp_decode_Procedure(CONST LPVOID lpParam)
{
 port = param.Option.VideoPort;

 pAVPacket = av_packet_alloc();
 if (!pAVPacket)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR Could not allocate pAVPacket", L"Init decoder error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 exit(1);
 }
 av_init_packet(pAVPacket);

 /* find the MPEG-1 video decoder */
 pAVCodec = avcodec_find_decoder(AV_CODEC_ID_H264);
 if (!pAVCodec)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR Codec not found", L"Init decoder error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 exit(1);
 }

 pAVCodecParserContext = av_parser_init(pAVCodec->id);
 if (!pAVCodecParserContext)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR Parser not found", L"Init decoder error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 exit(1);
 }

 pAVCodecContext = avcodec_alloc_context3(pAVCodec);
 if (!pAVCodecContext) 
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR Could not allocate video codec context", L"Init decoder error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 exit(1);
 }
 
 if (avcodec_open2(pAVCodecContext, pAVCodec, NULL) < 0)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR Could not open codec", L"Init decoder error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 exit(1);
 }

 pAVFrame = av_frame_alloc();
 if (!pAVFrame) 
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR Could not allocate video frame", L"Init decoder error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 exit(1);
 } 
 
 while (FlagRTPActive)
 {
 if(port != param.Option.VideoPort)
 closesocket(RTPSocket);

 WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphoreRTP, 500); 
 Decode_NaluToAVFrameRGG();
 }

 avformat_free_context(pAVFormatContext);
 av_frame_free(&pAVFrame);
 avcodec_close(pAVCodecContext);
 av_packet_free(&pAVPacket);

 
 if (hTreadRTPDecode) CloseHandle(hTreadRTPDecode);

 return 0;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
char RTPSocketInit(void)
{ 
 sockaddr_in RTPSocketAddr;
 
 RTPSocketAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
 RTPSocketAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
 RTPSocketAddr.sin_port = htons(param.Option.VideoPort);

 RTPSocket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
 if (RTPSocket == INVALID_SOCKET)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR Invalid RTP Socket", L"UDP Socket", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 return 0;
 }

 int option = 12000;
 if (setsockopt(RTPSocket, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, (char*)&option, sizeof(option)) < 0)
 {
 printf("setsockopt failed\n");

 }

 /*option = TRUE;
 if (setsockopt(RTPSocket, SOL_SOCKET, SO_CONDITIONAL_ACCEPT, (char*)&option, sizeof(option)) < 0)
 {
 printf("setsockopt failed\n");

 }*/

 if (bind(RTPSocket, (sockaddr*)&RTPSocketAddr, sizeof(RTPSocketAddr)) == SOCKET_ERROR)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR bind", L"UDP Socket", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 closesocket(RTPSocket);
 return 0;
 }
 return 1;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
char RTPSocketRecive(void)
{
 static char RecvBuf[2000];
 static int BufLen = 2000;

 int iResult = 0;
 struct sockaddr_in SenderAddr;
 int SenderAddrSize = sizeof(SenderAddr);
 TCHAR szErrorMsg[100];

 iResult = recvfrom(RTPSocket, RecvBuf, BufLen, 0, NULL, NULL);
 if (iResult == SOCKET_ERROR && FlagRTPActive == TRUE)
 {
 StringCchPrintf(szErrorMsg, 100, L"ERROR recvfrom Ошибка:%d", WSAGetLastError());
 MessageBox(NULL, szErrorMsg, L"UDP Socket", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 return -1;
 }

 packet.data = (unsigned char*)RecvBuf;
 packet.size = iResult;

 return 1;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void RTPPacketParser(void)
{
 RTPHeader_DType RTPHeader;
 RTPData_DType NALU;
 unsigned char* buffer = packet.data;
 int pos = 0;
 static int count = 0;
 static short lastSequenceNumber = 0xFFFF;
 short type;
 char payload_header;

 //read rtp header
 memcpy(&RTPHeader, buffer, sizeof(RTPHeader));
 RTPHeader.sequence_number = BYTE2_SWAP(RTPHeader.sequence_number);
 pos += 12; 
 
 if (RTPHeader.X) {
 //profile extension
 short define;
 short length;
 length = buffer[pos + 3];//suppose not so long extension
 pos += 4;
 pos += (length * 4);
 }

 payload_header = buffer[pos];
 type = payload_header & 0x1f; //Тип полезной нагрузки RTP
 pos++;
 
 //STAP-A
 if (type == 24)
 { 
 while (pos < packet.size)
 {
 unsigned short NALU_size;
 memcpy(&NALU_size, buffer + pos, 2);
 NALU_size = BYTE2_SWAP(NALU_size);
 pos += 2;
 char NAL_header = buffer[pos];
 short NAL_type = NAL_header & 0x1f;

 if (NAL_type == 7) 
 {
 count++;
 //cout<<"SPS, sequence number: "</cout<<"PPS, sequence number: "</cout<<"end of sequence, sequence number: "< 0) 
 {
 NALU.data = (unsigned char*) malloc(NALU_size + 4);
 NALU.size = NALU_size + 4;
 memcpy(NALU.data, &inteval, 4);
 memcpy(NALU.data + 4, &buffer[pos], NALU_size);

 WaitForSingleObject(hMutexRTPRecive, INFINITE);
 q.push(NALU);
 ReleaseMutex(hMutexRTPRecive);
 }

 pos += NALU_size;
 }
 }
 //FU-A Fragmentation unit
 else if (type == 28)
 { 
 //FU header
 char FU_header = buffer[pos];
 bool fStart = FU_header & 0x80;
 bool fEnd = FU_header & 0x40;

 //NAL header
 char NAL_header = (payload_header & 0xe0) | (FU_header & 0x1f);
 short NAL_type = FU_header & 0x1f;
 if (NAL_type == 7) 
 {
 count++;
 //SPS
 }
 else if (NAL_type == 8) 
 {
 //PPS
 }
 else if (NAL_type == 10) 
 {
 //end of sequence
 }
 pos++;

 int size = packet.size - pos;
 
 if (count > 0)
 {
 if (fStart) 
 {
 if (FU_buffer.size != 0)
 {
 free(FU_buffer.data);
 FU_buffer.size = 0;
 }
 FU_buffer.data = (unsigned char*)malloc(size + 5);
 if (FU_buffer.data == NULL)
 return;
 FU_buffer.size = size + 5;
 memcpy(FU_buffer.data, &inteval, 4);
 memcpy(FU_buffer.data + 4, &NAL_header, 1);
 memcpy(FU_buffer.data + 5, buffer + pos, size);
 }
 else
 {
 unsigned char* temp = (unsigned char*)malloc(FU_buffer.size + size);
 memcpy(temp, FU_buffer.data, FU_buffer.size);
 memcpy(temp + FU_buffer.size, buffer + pos, size);
 if (FU_buffer.size != 0) free(FU_buffer.data);
 FU_buffer.data = temp;
 FU_buffer.size += size;
 }

 if (fEnd)
 {
 NALU.data = (unsigned char*)malloc(FU_buffer.size);
 NALU.size = FU_buffer.size;
 memcpy(NALU.data, FU_buffer.data, FU_buffer.size);

 WaitForSingleObject(hMutexRTPRecive, INFINITE);
 q.push(NALU);
 ReleaseMutex(hMutexRTPRecive);

 free(FU_buffer.data);
 FU_buffer.size = 0;
 }
 }
 
 }
 else 
 {
 //other type
 short NAL_type = type;
 if (NAL_type == 7) 
 {
 count++;
 //SPS
 }
 else if (NAL_type == 8) 
 {
 //PPS
 }
 else if (NAL_type == 10) 
 {
 //end of sequence
 }

 int size = packet.size - pos + 1;
 if (count > 0)
 {
 NALU.data = (unsigned char*)malloc(size+4);
 NALU.size = size + 4;
 memcpy(NALU.data, &inteval, 4);
 memcpy(NALU.data + 4, &buffer[12], size);

 WaitForSingleObject(hMutexRTPRecive, INFINITE);
 q.push(NALU);
 ReleaseMutex(hMutexRTPRecive);
 }
 }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Decode_NaluToAVFrameRGG()
{
 unsigned char cntNALU;
 int len = 0;
 static int size = 0;
 unsigned char* data = NULL;
 int ret;
 RTPData_DType NALU;

 av_frame_unref(pAVFrame);
 av_packet_unref(pAVPacket);

 while(1)
 {
 WaitForSingleObject(hMutexRTPRecive, INFINITE);
 if (q.empty())
 {
 ReleaseMutex(hMutexRTPRecive);
 break;
 }
 NALU = q.front();
 q.pop();
 ReleaseMutex(hMutexRTPRecive);

 data = NALU.data;
 size = NALU.size;

 while(size)
 { 
 len = av_parser_parse2(pAVCodecParserContext, pAVCodecContext, &pAVPacket->data, &pAVPacket->size,
 (uint8_t*)data, size,
 AV_NOPTS_VALUE, AV_NOPTS_VALUE, AV_NOPTS_VALUE);

 data = len ? data + len : data;
 size -= len;
 
 if (pAVPacket->size)
 {
 ret = avcodec_send_packet(pAVCodecContext, pAVPacket);

 if(ret == AVERROR_EOF)
 MessageBox(NULL, L"the codec has been fully flushed, and there will be no more output frames", L"avcodec_send_packet", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);

 if (ret < 0)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR sending a packet for decoding", L"Decode", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 //exit(1);
 }

 while (ret >= 0) 
 {
 ret = avcodec_receive_frame(pAVCodecContext, pAVFrame);
 if (ret == AVERROR(EAGAIN) || ret == AVERROR_EOF)
 break;
 else if (ret < 0) {
 MessageBox(NULL, L"ERROR during decoding", L"Decode", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
 //exit(1);
 }
 
 AVFrameRGG = av_frame_alloc(); 
 pSwsContext = sws_getContext(pAVCodecContext->width, pAVCodecContext->height, pAVCodecContext->pix_fmt,
 pAVCodecContext->width, pAVCodecContext->height, AV_PIX_FMT_RGB24, SWS_SPLINE,
 0, 0, 0);

 sws_scale_frame(pSwsContext, AVFrameRGG, pAVFrame);
 
 ImgBufferSet(AVFrameRGG->data[0], pAVCodecContext->height, pAVCodecContext->width, AVFrameRGG->linesize[0]);

 sws_freeContext(pSwsContext);
 av_frame_free(&AVFrameRGG);
 }
 }
 }
 free(NALU.data);
 NALU.size = 0;
 } 
}

</int></queue></iostream></chrono>

It's DECIDED


-
extracting video and data streams from MPEG2 TS over RTP in real-time
10 janvier 2024, par Tejal BarnwalI have H264 video stream and KLV meta data encapsulated inside MPEG2 TS container which are sent over an RTP over UDP from a camera.
I intend to do the following :


- 

- Extract both video and data streams from RTP
- Process video feed using opencv in a seperate thread
- process klv metadata in a seperate thread








My problem what exact arguments should I provide to ffmpeg so as to read h264 video stream and show the images frame by frame using opencv ?


With the help of some previous posts like Simultaneously map video and data streams to one subprocess pipeline in real-time, I was able to get some idea about how could I proceed to procees the stream over RTP.


I started out by using the following script :


#!/usr/bin/env python3
from asyncio import streams
from logging.handlers import QueueListener
import klvdata
import subprocess as sp
import shlex
import threading
import numpy as np
import cv2
import time
from io import BytesIO

# Video reader thread.
def video_reader(pipe):
 cols, rows = 1280, 720 # Assume we know frame size is 1280x720

 counter = 0
 while True:
 print("read image")
 raw_image = pipe.read(cols*rows*3) # Read raw video frame

 # Break the loop when length is too small
 if len(raw_image) < cols*rows*3:
 break

 if (counter % 10) == 0:
 # Show video frame evey 60 frames
 image = np.frombuffer(raw_image, np.uint8).reshape([rows, cols, 3])
 cv2.imshow('Video', image) # Show video image for testing
 cv2.waitKey(1)
 counter += 1
 print("image showed on window")
 time.sleep(0.25)



# https://github.com/paretech/klvdata/tree/master/klvdata
def bytes_to_int(value, signed=False):
 """Return integer given bytes."""
 return int.from_bytes(bytes(value), byteorder='big', signed=signed)


# Data reader thread (read KLV data).
def data_reader(pipe):
 key_length = 16 # Assume key length is 16 bytes.

 f = open('data.bin', 'wb') # For testing - store the KLV data to data.bin (binary file)

 while True:
 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLV
 # The first few bytes are the Key, much like a key in a standard hash table data structure.
 # Keys can be 1, 2, 4, or 16 bytes in length.
 # Presumably in a separate specification document you would agree on a key length for a given application.
 key = pipe.read(key_length) # Read the key
 
 if len(key) < key_length:
 break # Break the loop when length is too small
 f.write(key) # Write data to binary file for testing

 # https://github.com/paretech/klvdata/tree/master/klvdata
 # Length field
 len_byte = pipe.read(1)

 if len(len_byte) < 1:
 break # Break the loop when length is too small
 f.write(len_byte) # Write data to binary file for testing

 byte_length = bytes_to_int(len_byte)

 # https://github.com/paretech/klvdata/tree/master/klvdata 
 if byte_length < 128:
 # BER Short Form
 length = byte_length
 ber_len_bytes = b''
 else:
 # BER Long Form
 ber_len = byte_length - 128
 ber_len_bytes = pipe.read(ber_len)

 if len(ber_len_bytes) < ber_len:
 break # Break the loop when length is too small
 f.write(ber_len_bytes) # Write ber_len_bytes to binary file for testing

 length = bytes_to_int(ber_len_bytes)

 # Read the value (length bytes)
 value = pipe.read(length)
 if len(value) < length:
 break # Break the loop when length is too small
 f.write(value) # Write data to binary file for testing

 klv_data = key + len_byte + ber_len_bytes + value # Concatenate key length and data
 klv_data_as_bytes_io = BytesIO(klv_data) # Wrap klv_data with BytesIO (before parsing)

 # Parse the KLV data
 for packet in klvdata.StreamParser(klv_data_as_bytes_io): 
 metadata = packet.MetadataList()
 for key, value in metadata.items():
 print(key, value)
 
 print("\n") # New line

# Execute FFmpeg as sub-process
# Map the video to stderr and map the data to stdout
process = sp.Popen(shlex.split('ffmpeg -hide_banner -loglevel quiet ' # Set loglevel to quiet for disabling the prints ot stderr
 '-i "rtp://192.168.0.141:11024" ' # Input video "Day Flight.mpg"
 '-map 0:v -c:v rawvideo -pix_fmt bgr24 -f:v rawvideo pipe:2 ' # rawvideo format is mapped to stderr pipe (raw video codec with bgr24 pixel format)
 '-map 0:d -c copy -copy_unknown -f:d data pipe:1 ' # Copy the data without ddecoding.
 '-report'), # Create a log file (because we can't the statuses that are usually printed to stderr).
 stdout=sp.PIPE, stderr=sp.PIPE)


# Start video reader thread (pass stderr pipe as argument).
video_thread = threading.Thread(target=video_reader, args=(process.stderr,))
video_thread.start()

# Start data reader thread (pass stdout pipe as argument).
data_thread = threading.Thread(target=data_reader, args=(process.stdout,))
data_thread.start()


# Wait for threads (and process) to finish.
video_thread.join()
data_thread.join()
process.wait()



With the above script, I was facing two issues :


- 

- The second thread resulted in an attribute error




Exception in thread Thread-2:
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "/usr/lib/python3.8/threading.py", line 932, in _bootstrap_inner
 self.run()
 File "/usr/lib/python3.8/threading.py", line 870, in run
 self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs)
 File "video_data_extraction.py", line 97, in data_reader
 print(packet.MetadataList())
AttributeError: 'UnknownElement' object has no attribute 'MetadataList'



- 

- With this though I continuously able to see following output on the terminal regarding reading the images




read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window
read image
image showed on window


The imshow windows wasnt updating properly ! It seemed stuck after a few frames.


Further diving into the lane with the help of following command, I concluded that the video stream that I am reading has H264 encoding


ffprobe -i rtp://192.168.0.141:11024 -show_streams -show_formats


Output of the above command :


ffprobe version 4.2.7-0ubuntu0.1 Copyright (c) 2007-2022 the FFmpeg developers
 built with gcc 9 (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1)
 configuration: --prefix=/usr --extra-version=0ubuntu0.1 --toolchain=hardened --libdir=/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu --incdir=/usr/include/aarch64-linux-gnu --arch=arm64 --enable-gpl --disable-stripping --enable-avresample --disable-filter=resample --enable-avisynth --enable-gnutls --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libbs2b --enable-libcaca --enable-libcdio --enable-libcodec2 --enable-libflite --enable-libfontconfig --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgme --enable-libgsm --enable-libjack --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libmysofa --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopenmpt --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-librsvg --enable-librubberband --enable-libshine --enable-libsnappy --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libtwolame --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwavpack --enable-libwebp --enable-libx265 --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzmq --enable-libzvbi --enable-lv2 --enable-omx --enable-openal --enable-opencl --enable-opengl --enable-sdl2 --enable-libdc1394 --enable-libdrm --enable-libiec61883 --enable-chromaprint --enable-frei0r --enable-libx264 --enable-shared
 libavutil 56. 31.100 / 56. 31.100
 libavcodec 58. 54.100 / 58. 54.100
 libavformat 58. 29.100 / 58. 29.100
 libavdevice 58. 8.100 / 58. 8.100
 libavfilter 7. 57.100 / 7. 57.100
 libavresample 4. 0. 0 / 4. 0. 0
 libswscale 5. 5.100 / 5. 5.100
 libswresample 3. 5.100 / 3. 5.100
 libpostproc 55. 5.100 / 55. 5.100
[rtp @ 0xaaaac81ecce0] PES packet size mismatch
 Last message repeated 62 times
[NULL @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[rtp @ 0xaaaac81ecce0] PES packet size mismatch
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[rtp @ 0xaaaac81ecce0] PES packet size mismatch
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
 Last message repeated 1 times
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] decode_slice_header error
[h264 @ 0xaaaac81f09b0] no frame!
[rtp @ 0xaaaac81ecce0] PES packet size mismatch
 Last message repeated 187 times
Input #0, rtp, from 'rtp://192.168.0.141:11024':
 Duration: N/A, start: 1317.040656, bitrate: N/A
 Program 1 
 Stream #0:1: Video: h264 (Constrained Baseline) ([27][0][0][0] / 0x001B), yuv420p(progressive), 1280x720, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 90k tbn
 Stream #0:0: Data: klv (KLVA / 0x41564C4B)
Unsupported codec with id 100356 for input stream 0
[STREAM]
index=0
codec_name=klv
codec_long_name=SMPTE 336M Key-Length-Value (KLV) metadata
profile=unknown
codec_type=data
codec_tag_string=KLVA
codec_tag=0x41564c4b
id=N/A
r_frame_rate=0/0
avg_frame_rate=0/0
time_base=1/90000
start_pts=118533659
start_time=1317.040656
duration_ts=N/A
duration=N/A
bit_rate=N/A
max_bit_rate=N/A
bits_per_raw_sample=N/A
nb_frames=N/A
nb_read_frames=N/A
nb_read_packets=N/A
DISPOSITION:default=0
DISPOSITION:dub=0
DISPOSITION:original=0
DISPOSITION:comment=0
DISPOSITION:lyrics=0
DISPOSITION:karaoke=0
DISPOSITION:forced=0
DISPOSITION:hearing_impaired=0
DISPOSITION:visual_impaired=0
DISPOSITION:clean_effects=0
DISPOSITION:attached_pic=0
DISPOSITION:timed_thumbnails=0
[/STREAM]
[STREAM]
index=1
codec_name=h264
codec_long_name=H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10
profile=Constrained Baseline
codec_type=video
codec_time_base=1/50
codec_tag_string=[27][0][0][0]
codec_tag=0x001b
width=1280
height=720
coded_width=1280
coded_height=720
has_b_frames=0
sample_aspect_ratio=N/A
display_aspect_ratio=N/A
pix_fmt=yuv420p
level=31
color_range=unknown
color_space=unknown
color_transfer=unknown
color_primaries=unknown
chroma_location=left
field_order=progressive
timecode=N/A
refs=1
is_avc=false
nal_length_size=0
id=N/A
r_frame_rate=25/1
avg_frame_rate=25/1
time_base=1/90000
start_pts=118533659
start_time=1317.040656
duration_ts=N/A
duration=N/A
bit_rate=N/A
max_bit_rate=N/A
bits_per_raw_sample=8
nb_frames=N/A
nb_read_frames=N/A
nb_read_packets=N/A
DISPOSITION:default=0
DISPOSITION:dub=0
DISPOSITION:original=0
DISPOSITION:comment=0
DISPOSITION:lyrics=0
DISPOSITION:karaoke=0
DISPOSITION:forced=0
DISPOSITION:hearing_impaired=0
DISPOSITION:visual_impaired=0
DISPOSITION:clean_effects=0
DISPOSITION:attached_pic=0
DISPOSITION:timed_thumbnails=0
[/STREAM]
[FORMAT]
filename=rtp://192.168.0.141:11024
nb_streams=2
nb_programs=1
format_name=rtp
format_long_name=RTP input
start_time=1317.040656
duration=N/A
size=N/A
bit_rate=N/A
probe_score=100
[/FORMAT]


Further, in the log output, I see a lot of statements in regard to missed packets and PES packet mismatch


[rtp @ 0xaaaaf31896c0] max delay reached. need to consume packet
[rtp @ 0xaaaaf31896c0] RTP: missed 98 packets
[rtp @ 0xaaaaf31896c0] Continuity check failed for pid 40 expected 14 got 10
[rtp @ 0xaaaaf31896c0] PES packet size mismatch
rtp://192.168.0.141:11024: corrupt input packet in stream 0
frame= 124 fps=2.6 q=-0.0 size= 334800kB time=00:00:05.32 bitrate=515406.0kbits/s dup=97 drop=0 speed=0.111x 


What arguments do I provide to ffmpeg and in what order because my stream 0 is metadata and stream 1 is video so as to display image frame by frame with opencv ?
I would be grateful for any help that you could provide.


Further, I also have a query regarding how does ffmpeg know to that it has to first convert the rtp packets into mpeg2 TS packets before segregating video stream and data stream ?


-
Conversion Funnel Optimisation : 10 Ways to Convert More
24 janvier 2024, par ErinConverting leads into happy customers is the ultimate goal of any sales and marketing team. But there are many steps in between those two events, or in other words, funnel stages.
Your sales funnel includes all the steps you take to make your audience aware of your product or services and convince them to purchase. Conversion funnel optimisation strategies can help you move users through the stages of your sales funnel.
This article will show you how to optimise your conversion funnel and boost sales — no matter how your funnel looks. We’ll go over practical tips you can implement and how you can analyse and measure results.
Let’s get started.
What is conversion funnel optimisation ?
Conversion funnel optimisation is the strategic and ongoing process of refining and improving the different stages of a sales or marketing funnel to increase the rate at which users complete desired actions.
A sales funnel represents the stages a potential customer goes through before purchasing.
The typical stages of a sales funnel include :
- Awareness : At the top of the funnel, potential customers become aware of your product or service.
- Consideration : In this stage, prospects evaluate the product or service against alternatives. They may compare features, prices and customer reviews to make an informed decision.
- Conversion : The prospect completes the transaction and becomes an actual customer by purchasing.
- Loyalty : You can turn one-time buyers into repeat customers and brand advocates.
It’s called a “funnel” because, similar to the shape of a funnel, the number of potential customers decreases as they progress through the various stages of the sales process — as you can see illustrated below.
Sales funnels can vary across industries and business models, but the general concept remains the same. The goal is to guide potential customers through each funnel stage, addressing their needs and concerns at each step, ultimately leading to a successful conversion.
You can create and monitor a custom funnel for your site’s user journey with a web analytics solution like Matomo.
Try Matomo for Free
Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.
The importance of conversion funnel optimisation
At the heart of conversion funnel optimisation is the quest for higher conversion rates.
Refining the customer journey can increase the chances of turning visitors into customers who return repeatedly.
Specifically, here’s how conversion funnel optimisation can benefit your business :
- Increased conversions : Marketers can increase the likelihood of turning website visitors into customers by making the user journey more user-friendly and persuasive.
- Higher revenue : Improved conversion rates aren’t just numbers on a chart ; they translate to tangible revenue.
- Increased ROI (return on investment) : By optimising the conversion funnel, you can get more value from your marketing and sales efforts.
- Improved customer satisfaction : When customers find it easy and enjoyable to interact with a website or service, it positively influences their satisfaction and likelihood of returning.
- Data-driven decision-making : Businesses can make informed decisions on budgets and resources based on user behaviour and performance metrics by analysing and optimising conversion funnels.
Ultimately, conversion funnel optimisation efforts align the entire funnel with overarching business goals.
10 ways to optimise your conversion funnel
Here are 10 ways to optimise your conversion funnel.
1. Identify and segment your target audience
The key to a successful conversion funnel begins with a deep understanding of your target audience.
Identifying and segmenting your audience lets you speak directly to their pain points, desires and motivations.
One effective way to know your audience better is by creating detailed buyer personas. These are fictional representations of your ideal customers based on thorough market research and real data. Dive into demographics and behavioural patterns to craft personas that resonate with your audience.
Note that consumer preferences are not static. They evolve, influenced by trends, technological advancements and shifts in societal values. Staying attuned to these changes is crucial as part of optimising your conversion funnel.
Thus, you must regularly update your buyer personas and adjust your marketing strategies accordingly.
2. Create content for every stage of the funnel
Each funnel stage represents a different mindset and needs for your potential customers. Tailoring your content ensures you deliver the right message at the right time to the right audience.
Here’s how to tailor your content to fit prospective customers at every conversion funnel stage.
Awareness-stage content
Prospects here are seeking information. Your content should be educational and focused on addressing their pain points. Create blog posts, infographics and videos introducing them to your industry, product or service.
Consideration-stage content
Prospects are evaluating their options. Provide content highlighting your product’s unique selling points, such as case studies, product demonstrations and customer testimonials.
Here’s how we use a versus landing page at Matomo to persuade prospects at this funnel stage.
Conversion-stage content
This is the final push. Ensure a smooth transition to conversion with content like promotional offers, limited-time discounts and clear calls to action (CTA).
Loyalty-stage content
In this stage, you might express gratitude for the purchase through personalised thank-you emails. Follow up with additional resources, tips or exclusive offers to reinforce a positive post-purchase experience. This also positions your brand as a helpful resource beyond the initial sale.
Reward customer loyalty with exclusive offers, discounts or membership in a loyalty program.
3. Capture leads
Lead magnets are incentives offered to potential customers in exchange for their contact information, typically their email addresses.
Examples of lead magnets include :
- Ebooks and whitepapers : In-depth resources that delve into specific topics of interest to your target audience.
- Webinars and workshops : Live or recorded sessions that offer valuable insights, training or demonstrations.
- Free trials and demos : Opportunities for potential customers to experience your product or service firsthand.
- Checklists and templates : Practical tools that help your audience solve specific challenges.
- Exclusive offers and discounts : Special promotions are available to those who subscribe or provide their contact information.
For instance, here’s how HubSpot uses templates as lead magnets.
Similarly, you can incorporate your lead magnets into relevant articles or social media posts, email campaigns and other marketing channels.
4. Optimise your landing pages
Understanding how visitors interact with your landing pages is a game-changer. So, the first step in optimising your landing pages is to analyse them.
Enter Matomo’s heatmaps — the secret weapon in landing page optimisation. They visually represent how users interact with your pages, revealing where they linger, what catches their attention and where they may encounter friction.
Here are a few landing page elements you should pay attention to :
- Strategic visual elements : Integrate high-quality images, videos and graphics that support your message and guide visitors through the content.
- Compelling copy : Develop concise and persuasive copy that emphasises the benefits of your offering, addressing user pain points.
- Effective CTA : Ensure your CTA is prominently displayed, using compelling language and colours that stand out.
- Mobile responsiveness : Optimise your landing pages for various devices, especially considering the prevalence of mobile users.
- Minimal form fields : Reduce friction by keeping form fields to a minimum, requesting only essential information.
- Leverage social proof : Integrate testimonials, reviews and trust badges to build trust and credibility.
- A/B testing : Experiment with variations in design, copy and CTAs through A/B testing, allowing data to guide your decisions.
Try Matomo for Free
Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.
5. Use compelling Calls to Action (CTAs)
Crafting compelling CTAs is an art that involves a careful balance of persuasion, clarity and relevance.
Here are a few tips you can implement to write CTAs that support your goals :
- Use language that compels action. Instead of generic phrases like “Click Here,” opt for more persuasive alternatives such as “Unlock Exclusive Access” or “Start Your Free Trial.”
- Make sure your CTAs are clear and straightforward. Visitors should instantly understand what action you want them to take.
- Tailor CTAs to the specific content on the page. Whether it’s a blog post, landing page or email, the CTA should seamlessly connect with the surrounding context.
- Position your CTAs strategically. They should be prominently displayed and easily noticeable, guiding visitors without intruding.
- Create a sense of urgency. Encourage immediate action by incorporating language that instils a sense of urgency. Phrases like “Limited Time Offer” or “Act Now” can prompt quicker responses.
6. Have an active social presence
Social media platforms are bustling hubs of activity where your target audience spends a significant portion of their online time. Cultivating a social media presence allows you to meet your audience where they are, fostering a direct line of communication.
Moreover, the integration of shopping features directly into social media platforms transforms them into seamless shopping experiences. Nearly half of Instagram users shop weekly through the platform.
Also, the US social commerce sales continue to grow each year and are expected to reach $79.64 billion by 2025.
7. Build a brand community
Four in five customers consider communities important to how engaged they are with a brand.
A strong community fosters a sense of belonging and loyalty among members. When customers feel connected to your brand and each other, they are more likely to remain loyal over the long term.
Also, satisfied community members often share their positive experiences with others, expanding your brand’s reach without additional marketing efforts.
For example, Nike’s community for runners is a digital space where individuals share their running journeys, accomplishments and challenges.
By strategically building and nurturing a community, you not only enhance retention and spur referrals but also create a space where your brand becomes an integral part of your customers’ lives.
8. Conduct A/B tests
A/B testing systematically compares two versions of a webpage, email or other content to determine which performs better.
Examples of elements to A/B test :
- CTAs : The language, colour, size and placement of CTAs can significantly impact user engagement. A/B testing allows you to discover which variations prompt the desired actions.
- Headlines : Crafting compelling headlines is an art. Test different versions to identify which headlines resonate best with your audience, whether they are more drawn to clarity, humour, urgency or curiosity.
- Images : Test different images to understand your audience’s visual preferences. This could include product images, lifestyle shots or graphics.
With Matomo’s A/B testing feature, you can test various elements to see which is successful in converting visitors or moving them to the next stage of the conversion funnel.
9. Leverage social proof
In an era where consumers are inundated with choices, the opinions, reviews and endorsements of others serve as beacons, guiding potential customers through the decision-making process.
Simply put — when people see that others have had positive experiences with your brand, it instils trust and confidence.
You can proactively gather social proof and display it prominently across your marketing channels. Here are some examples of social proof you can leverage :
- Customer reviews : Positive reviews and testimonials from satisfied customers serve as authentic endorsements of your products or services.
- Case studies : In-depth case studies that showcase successful collaborations or solutions provided to clients offer a detailed narrative of your brand’s capabilities. These are particularly effective in B2B scenarios or for complex products and services.
- User-generated content : Encourage customers to share their experiences. This could include photos, videos or posts on social media platforms, providing a dynamic and genuine portrayal of your brand.
- Influencer endorsements : Collaborating with influencers in your industry or niche can amplify your social proof. When influencers vouch for your products or services, their followers are more likely to take notice.
10. Measure and analyse performance
This is a continuous loop of refinement, where you should use analysis and data-driven insights to guide your conversion funnel optimisation efforts.
Here’s a systematic approach you can take :
- Identify the path users take on your site using a feature like Users Flow.
- Map the customer journey using a Funnels feature like the one in Matomo.
- Identify the metrics that align with your conversion goals at each stage of the funnel, such as website traffic, conversion rates, click-through rates and customer acquisition costs.
- Assess conversion rates at different stages of the funnel. Identify areas with significant drop-offs and investigate factors that might contribute to the decline.
- Use heatmaps and session recordings to see first-hand how users interact with your site.
- Create an experiment to test and improve a specific area within your funnel using insights from the heatmaps and session recordings.
- A/B test, analyse the results to understand which variations performed better. Use this data to refine elements within your funnel.
See how Concrete CMS 3x their leads with conversion optimisation.
Conclusion
The customer journey is not linear. However, it involves a few specific stages your audience will go through — from first learning about your product or services to considering whether to try it. The goal is to turn them into happy and loyal customers.
In this article, we went over strategies and practical tips you can use to guide customers through the conversion funnel. From segmenting your audience to capturing leads, optimising landing pages and running A/B tests, there are steps you can take to ensure your audience will move to the next stage.
And of course, you have to continuously measure and analyse your performance. That’s how you know whether you’re heading in the right direction and, if not, where to correct your course.
For that, you need a robust web analytics solution with conversion optimisation features. Try Matomo free for 21 days and start optimising your conversion funnel—no credit card required.
Syndiquer tout le site
