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• Why is my discord bot not able to find the file that is there when I open the folder manually ?

  22 juin 2021, par Toma

  I made a discord bot that should play music using ffmpeg.

  


  It's connecting and downloading the youtube webm file after which it should convert and rename it to song.mp3 but it doesn't manage to do so. I check the folder and the error message doesn't match what I see - the file is there and has been renamed.

  


  

  1. Am I using the replace command correctly to move the file ?

  


  2. I'd note that I'm using windows10 and that the folders are all read only and that although I'm the admin I can't change that no matter what I do (I guess it's a win10 bug). Does that have anything to do with it ?

  


  3. Is there another mistake in the code that'd prevent the file from being found by the bot ?

  


  


  My code :

  


  import discord
from discord.ext import commands
import youtube_dl #for url music command
import os

client = commands.Bot(command_prefix = '><')

#connect to voice channel
@client.command(aliases = ['c'])
async def connect(ctx, vcName):
    voice = discord.utils.get(client.voice_clients, guild=ctx.guild)
    voiceChannel = discord.utils.get(ctx.guild.channels, name=str(vcName))
    if voice == None: #if voice is not connected to any channel
        await voiceChannel.connect()
    else:
        if voice.channel == vcName: #if trying to connect to the same channel
            await ctx.send('already connected to this channel')
        else:
            await voice.move_to(vcName)

@client.command(aliases = ['d'])
async def delFile(ctx):
    song_there = os.path.exists(os.getcwd()+'/music/current/song.mp3') #true when song.mp3 exists in 'current' folder in 'music' folder
    if song_there:
        await ctx.send('song was detected')
        os.remove('song.mp3')
        if song_there:
            await ctx.send('song was not deleted')
    else:
        await ctx.send('File is not found. check the name again')

#play music from url

@client.command(aliases = ['p'])
async def playMusic(ctx, vcName, url : str): #play music file
    song_there = os.path.exists(os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'/music/current/song.mp3'))
    try:
        if song_there:
            print('previous song found')
            os.remove(os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'/music/current/song.mp3')) #removes the song in current to make room for a new song
            if song_there:
                print('song was not deleted')
            else:
                print('song deleted')
    except PermissionError:
        await ctx.send('A song is currently playing')
        return
    voiceChannel = discord.utils.get(ctx.guild.channels, name=str(vcName))
    ydl_opts = {
        'format': 'bestaudio/best',
        'postprocessors': [{
            'key': 'FFmpegExtractAudio',
            'preferredcodec': 'mp3',
            'preferredquality': '192',
        }]
    }


   for file in os.listdir('./'):
        if file.endswith('.mp3'):       #if song.mp3 already exists delete it to make room for a new download
            os.remove('song.mp3')
        else:                           #download the file from youtube
            with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
                ydl.download([url])
    for file in os.listdir('./'):       #after downloading rename the file and move it to current folder
        if not file == ('song.mp3') and file.endswith('.mp3'):
            os.rename(file, 'song.mp3')
            print(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'song.mp3'))
            print(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), '/music/current/song.mp3'))
            os.replace(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'song.mp3'), os.path.join(os.getcwd(), '/music/current/song.mp3'))   #move file to current

    voice = discord.utils.get(client.voice_clients, guild=ctx.guild)
    if not voice is None:               #if voice is already created
        if not voice.is_connected():    #and is not connected
            await voiceChannel.connect()
        voice.play(discord.FFmpegPCMAudio('song.mp3'))
    else:
        await ctx.send('Bot made an oopsy. Cast mending and heal bot.')
client.run('token')


  


  Error :

  


  [youtube] wkJ7oDMqz0A: Downloading webpage
[download] The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.webm has already been downloaded
[download] 100% of 5.13MiB
[ffmpeg] Destination: The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.mp3
Deleting original file The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.webm (pass -k to keep)
[youtube] wkJ7oDMqz0A: Downloading webpage
[download] Destination: The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.webm
[download] 100% of 5.13MiB in 00:00                   
[ffmpeg] Destination: The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.mp3
Deleting original file The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.webm (pass -k to keep)
[youtube] wkJ7oDMqz0A: Downloading webpage
[download] Destination: The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.webm
[download] 100% of 5.13MiB in 00:00                  
[ffmpeg] Destination: The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.mp3
Deleting original file The Minor Bee-wkJ7oDMqz0A.webm (pass -k to keep)
C:.....song.mp3 -> **C:/music/current/song.mp3**
Ignoring exception in command playMusic:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Program Files\Python38\lib\site-packages\discord\ext\commands\core.py", line 85, in wrapped
    ret = await coro(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:...tut-bot.py", line 84, in playMusic
    os.replace(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'song.mp3'), os.path.join(os.getcwd(), '/music/current/song.mp3'))   #move file to current
FileNotFoundError: [WinError 3] The system cannot find the path specified: 'C:\....\\song.mp3' -> 'C:/music/current/song.mp3'

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Program Files\Python38\lib\site-packages\discord\ext\commands\bot.py", line 939, in invoke
    await ctx.command.invoke(ctx)
  File "C:\Program Files\Python38\lib\site-packages\discord\ext\commands\core.py", line 863, in invoke
    await injected(*ctx.args, **ctx.kwargs)
  File "C:\Program Files\Python38\lib\site-packages\discord\ext\commands\core.py", line 94, in wrapped
    raise CommandInvokeError(exc) from exc
discord.ext.commands.errors.CommandInvokeError: Command raised an exception: FileNotFoundError: [WinError 3] The system cannot find the path specified: 'C:\\...\\song.mp3' -> 'C:/music/current/song.mp3'


  


• An introduction to reverse engineering

  22 janvier 2011

  (This blog is still in hibernation, but I needed somewhere to post this)

  Reverse engineering is one of those wonderful topics, covering everything from simple "guess how this program works" problem solving, to poking at silicon with scanning electron microscopes. I’m always hugely fascinated by articles that walk through the steps involved in these types of activities, so I thought I’d contribute one back to the world.

  In this case, I’m going to be looking at the export bundle format created by the Tandberg Content Server, a device for recording video conferences. The bundle is intended for moving recordings between Tandberg devices, but it’s also the easiest way to get all of the related assets for a recorded conference. Unfortunately, there’s no parser available to take the bundle files (.tcb) and output the component pieces. Well, that just won’t do.

  For this type of reverse engineering, I basically want to learn enough about the TCB format to be able to parse out the individual files within it. The only tools I’ll need in this process are a hex editor, a notepad, and a way to convert between hex and decimal (the OS X calculator will do fine if you’re not the type to do it in your head).

  Step 1 : Basic Research
  After Googling around to see if this was a solved issue, I decided to dive into the format. I brought a sample bundle into my trusty hex editor (in this case Hex Fiend).

  

  A few things are immediately obvious. First, we see the first four bytes are the letters TCSB. Another quick visit to Google confirms this header type isn’t found elsewhere, and there’s essentially no discussion of it. Going a few bytes further, we see "contents.xml." And a few bytes after that, we see what looks like plaintext XML. This is a pretty good clue that the TCB file consists of a . Let’s scan a bit further and see if we can confirm that.
  
  In this segment, we see the end of the XML, and something that could be another filename - "dbtransfer" - followed by what looks like gibberish. That doesn’t help too much. Let’s keep looking.
  
  Great - a .jpg ! Looking a bit further, we see the letters "JFIF," which is recognizable as part of a JPEG header. If you weren’t already familiar with that, a quick google for "jpg hex header" would clear up any confusion. So, we’ve got the basics of the file format down, but we’ll need a little bit more information if we’re going to write a parser.

  Step 2 : Finding the pattern
  We can make an educated guess that a file like this has to provide a few hints to a decoder. We would either expect a table of contents, describing where in the bundle each individual file was located, some sort of stop bit marking the boundary between files, byte offsets describing the locations of files, or a listing of file lengths.

  There isn’t any sign of a table of contents. Let’s start looking for a stop bit, as that would make writing our parser really easy. Want I’m going to do is pull out all of the data between two prospective files, and I want two sets to compare.
  I’ve placed asterisks to flag the bytes corresponding to the filenames, since those are known.

  1E D1 70 4C 25 06 36 4D 42 E9 65 6A 9F 5D 88 38 0A 00 *64 62 74 72 61 6E 73 66 65 72* 42 06 ED 48 0B 50 0A C4 14 D6 63 42 F2 BF E3 9D 20 29 00 00 00 00 00 00 DE E5 FD

  01 0C 00 *63 6F 6E 74 65 6E 74 73 2E 78 6D 6C* 9E 0E FE D3 C9 3A 3A 85 F4 E4 22 FE D0 21 DC D7 53 03 00 00 00 00 00 00

  The first line corresponds to the "dbtransfer" entry, the second to the "contents.xml" entry. Let’s trim the first entry to match the second.

  38 0A 00 *64 62 74 72 61 6E 73 66 65 72* 42 06 ED 48 0B 50 0A C4 14 D6 63 42 F2 BF E3 9D 20 29 00 00 00 00 00 00

  01 0C 00 *63 6F 6E 74 65 6E 74 73 2E 78 6D 6C* 9E 0E FE D3 C9 3A 3A 85 F4 E4 22 FE D0 21 DC D7 53 03 00 00 00 00 00 00

  It looks like we’ve got three bytes before the filename, followed by 18 bytes, followed by six bytes of zero. Unfortunately, there’s no obvious pattern of bits which would correspond to a "break" between segments. However, looking at those first three bytes, we see a 0x0A, and a 0x0C, two small values in the same place. 10 and 12. Interesting - the 12 entry corresponds with "contents.xml" and the 10 entry corresponds with "dbtransfer". Could that byte describe the length of the filename ? Let’s look at our much longer JPG entry to be sure.

  70 4A 00 *77 77 77 5C 73 6C 69 64 65 73 5C 64 37 30 64 35 34 63 66 2D 32 39 35 62 2D 34 31 34 63 2D 61 38 64 66 2D 32 66 37 32 64 66 33 30 31 31 35 65 5C 74 68 75 6D 62 6E 61 69 6C 73 5C 74 68 75 6D 62 6E 61 69 6C 30 30 2E 6A 70 67*

  0x4A - 74, corresponding to a 74 character filename. Looks like we’re in business.

  At this point, it’s worth an aside to talk about endianness. I happen to know that the Tandberg Content Server runs Windows on Intel, so I went into this with the assumption that the format was little-endian. However, if you’re not sure, it’s always worth looking at words backwards and forwards, just in case.

  So we know how to find our filename. Now how do we find our file data ? Let’s go back to our JPEG. We know that JPEGs start with 0xFFD8FFE0, and a quick trip to Google also tells us that they end with 0xFFD9. We can use that to pull a sample jpeg out of our TCB, save it to disk, and confirm that we’re on the right track.
  

  This is one of those great steps in reverse engineering - concrete proof that you’re on the right track. Everything seems to go quicker from this point on.

  So, we know we’ve got a JPEG file in a continuous 2177 byte segment. We know that the format used byte lengths to describe filenames - maybe it also uses byte lengths to describe file lengths. Let’s look for 2177, or 0x8108, near our JPEG.

  

  Well, that’s a good sign. But, it could be coincidental, so at this point we’d want to check a few other files to be sure. In fact, looking further in some file, we find some larger .mp4 files which don’t quite match our guess. It turns out that file length is a 32bit value, not a 16bit value - with our two jpegs, the larger bytes just happened to be zeros.

  Step 3 : Writing a parser

  "Bbbbbut...", I hear you say ! "You have all these chunks of data you don’t understand !"

  True enough, but all I care about is getting the files out, with the proper names. I don’t care about creation dates, file permissions, or any of the other crud that this file format likely contains.

  

  Let’s look at the first two files in this bundle. A little bit of byte counting shows us the pattern that we can follow. We’ll treat the first file as a special case. After that, we seek 16 bytes from the end of file data to find the filename length (2 bytes), then we’re at the filename, then we seek 16 bytes to find the file length (4 bytes) and seek another 4 bytes to find the start of the file data. Rinse, repeat.

  I wrote a quick parser in PHP, since the eventual use for this information is part of a larger PHP-based application, but any language with basic raw file handling would work just as well.

  tcsParser.txt
  This was about the simplest possible type of reverse engineering - we had known data in an unknown format, without any compression or encryption. It only gets harder from here...

• Conversion Funnel Optimisation : 10 Ways to Convert More

  24 janvier 2024, par Erin

  Converting leads into happy customers is the ultimate goal of any sales and marketing team. But there are many steps in between those two events, or in other words, funnel stages. 

  Your sales funnel includes all the steps you take to make your audience aware of your product or services and convince them to purchase. Conversion funnel optimisation strategies can help you move users through the stages of your sales funnel. 

  This article will show you how to optimise your conversion funnel and boost sales — no matter how your funnel looks. We’ll go over practical tips you can implement and how you can analyse and measure results.

  Let’s get started.

  What is conversion funnel optimisation ? 

  Conversion funnel optimisation is the strategic and ongoing process of refining and improving the different stages of a sales or marketing funnel to increase the rate at which users complete desired actions.

  A sales funnel represents the stages a potential customer goes through before purchasing. 

  The typical stages of a sales funnel include :

  • Awareness : At the top of the funnel, potential customers become aware of your product or service. 
  • Consideration : In this stage, prospects evaluate the product or service against alternatives. They may compare features, prices and customer reviews to make an informed decision.
  • Conversion : The prospect completes the transaction and becomes an actual customer by purchasing.
  • Loyalty : You can turn one-time buyers into repeat customers and brand advocates. 

  It’s called a “funnel” because, similar to the shape of a funnel, the number of potential customers decreases as they progress through the various stages of the sales process — as you can see illustrated below.

  

  Sales funnels can vary across industries and business models, but the general concept remains the same. The goal is to guide potential customers through each funnel stage, addressing their needs and concerns at each step, ultimately leading to a successful conversion. 

  You can create and monitor a custom funnel for your site’s user journey with a web analytics solution like Matomo.

  Try Matomo for Free

  Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.

  Start for free

  No credit card required

  The importance of conversion funnel optimisation 

  At the heart of conversion funnel optimisation is the quest for higher conversion rates. 

  Refining the customer journey can increase the chances of turning visitors into customers who return repeatedly.

  Specifically, here’s how conversion funnel optimisation can benefit your business :

  • Increased conversions : Marketers can increase the likelihood of turning website visitors into customers by making the user journey more user-friendly and persuasive.
  • Higher revenue : Improved conversion rates aren’t just numbers on a chart ; they translate to tangible revenue. 
  • Increased ROI (return on investment) : By optimising the conversion funnel, you can get more value from your marketing and sales efforts. 
  • Improved customer satisfaction : When customers find it easy and enjoyable to interact with a website or service, it positively influences their satisfaction and likelihood of returning.
  • Data-driven decision-making : Businesses can make informed decisions on budgets and resources based on user behaviour and performance metrics by analysing and optimising conversion funnels.

  ​​Ultimately, conversion funnel optimisation efforts align the entire funnel with overarching business goals.

  10 ways to optimise your conversion funnel 

  Here are 10 ways to optimise your conversion funnel.

  1. Identify and segment your target audience

  The key to a successful conversion funnel begins with a deep understanding of your target audience. 

  Identifying and segmenting your audience lets you speak directly to their pain points, desires and motivations.

  One effective way to know your audience better is by creating detailed buyer personas. These are fictional representations of your ideal customers based on thorough market research and real data. Dive into demographics and behavioural patterns to craft personas that resonate with your audience.

  

  Note that consumer preferences are not static. They evolve, influenced by trends, technological advancements and shifts in societal values. Staying attuned to these changes is crucial as part of optimising your conversion funnel.

  Thus, you must regularly update your buyer personas and adjust your marketing strategies accordingly.

  2. Create content for every stage of the funnel

  Each funnel stage represents a different mindset and needs for your potential customers. Tailoring your content ensures you deliver the right message at the right time to the right audience. 

  Here’s how to tailor your content to fit prospective customers at every conversion funnel stage.

  Awareness-stage content

  Prospects here are seeking information. Your content should be educational and focused on addressing their pain points. Create blog posts, infographics and videos introducing them to your industry, product or service.

  This video we created at Matomo is a prime example of awareness-stage content, grabbing attention and educating viewers about Matomo.

  Consideration-stage content

  Prospects are evaluating their options. Provide content highlighting your product’s unique selling points, such as case studies, product demonstrations and customer testimonials.

  Here’s how we use a versus landing page at Matomo to persuade prospects at this funnel stage.

  

  Conversion-stage content

  This is the final push. Ensure a smooth transition to conversion with content like promotional offers, limited-time discounts and clear calls to action (CTA).

  Loyalty-stage content

  In this stage, you might express gratitude for the purchase through personalised thank-you emails. Follow up with additional resources, tips or exclusive offers to reinforce a positive post-purchase experience. This also positions your brand as a helpful resource beyond the initial sale.

  Reward customer loyalty with exclusive offers, discounts or membership in a loyalty program.

  3. Capture leads

  Lead magnets are incentives offered to potential customers in exchange for their contact information, typically their email addresses. 

  Examples of lead magnets include :

  • Ebooks and whitepapers : In-depth resources that delve into specific topics of interest to your target audience.
  • Webinars and workshops : Live or recorded sessions that offer valuable insights, training or demonstrations.
  • Free trials and demos : Opportunities for potential customers to experience your product or service firsthand.
  • Checklists and templates : Practical tools that help your audience solve specific challenges.
  • Exclusive offers and discounts : Special promotions are available to those who subscribe or provide their contact information.

  For instance, here’s how HubSpot uses templates as lead magnets.

  

  Similarly, you can incorporate your lead magnets into relevant articles or social media posts, email campaigns and other marketing channels.

  4. Optimise your landing pages

  Understanding how visitors interact with your landing pages is a game-changer. So, the first step in optimising your landing pages is to analyse them.

  Enter Matomo’s heatmaps — the secret weapon in landing page optimisation. They visually represent how users interact with your pages, revealing where they linger, what catches their attention and where they may encounter friction. 

  

  Here are a few landing page elements you should pay attention to :

  • Strategic visual elements : Integrate high-quality images, videos and graphics that support your message and guide visitors through the content.
  • Compelling copy : Develop concise and persuasive copy that emphasises the benefits of your offering, addressing user pain points.
  • Effective CTA : Ensure your CTA is prominently displayed, using compelling language and colours that stand out.
  • Mobile responsiveness : Optimise your landing pages for various devices, especially considering the prevalence of mobile users.
  • Minimal form fields : Reduce friction by keeping form fields to a minimum, requesting only essential information.
  • ​​Leverage social proof : Integrate testimonials, reviews and trust badges to build trust and credibility.
  • A/B testing : Experiment with variations in design, copy and CTAs through A/B testing, allowing data to guide your decisions.

  Try Matomo for Free

  Get the web insights you need, without compromising data accuracy.

  Start for free

  No credit card required

  5. ​​Use compelling Calls to Action (CTAs)

  Crafting compelling CTAs is an art that involves a careful balance of persuasion, clarity and relevance.

  Here are a few tips you can implement to write CTAs that support your goals :

  • Use language that compels action. Instead of generic phrases like “Click Here,” opt for more persuasive alternatives such as “Unlock Exclusive Access” or “Start Your Free Trial.”
  • Make sure your CTAs are clear and straightforward. Visitors should instantly understand what action you want them to take. 
  • Tailor CTAs to the specific content on the page. Whether it’s a blog post, landing page or email, the CTA should seamlessly connect with the surrounding context.
  • Position your CTAs strategically. They should be prominently displayed and easily noticeable, guiding visitors without intruding.
  • Create a sense of urgency. Encourage immediate action by incorporating language that instils a sense of urgency. Phrases like “Limited Time Offer” or “Act Now” can prompt quicker responses.

  6. Have an active social presence

  Social media platforms are bustling hubs of activity where your target audience spends a significant portion of their online time. Cultivating a social media presence allows you to meet your audience where they are, fostering a direct line of communication.

  Moreover, the integration of shopping features directly into social media platforms transforms them into seamless shopping experiences. Nearly half of Instagram users shop weekly through the platform. 

  Also, the US social commerce sales continue to grow each year and are expected to reach $79.64 billion by 2025.

  

  7. Build a brand community

  Four in five customers consider communities important to how engaged they are with a brand.

  A strong community fosters a sense of belonging and loyalty among members. When customers feel connected to your brand and each other, they are more likely to remain loyal over the long term. 

  Also, satisfied community members often share their positive experiences with others, expanding your brand’s reach without additional marketing efforts.

  For example, Nike’s community for runners is a digital space where individuals share their running journeys, accomplishments and challenges. 

  

  By strategically building and nurturing a community, you not only enhance retention and spur referrals but also create a space where your brand becomes an integral part of your customers’ lives. 

  8. Conduct A/B tests

  A/B testing systematically compares two versions of a webpage, email or other content to determine which performs better.

  Examples of elements to A/B test :

  • CTAs : The language, colour, size and placement of CTAs can significantly impact user engagement. A/B testing allows you to discover which variations prompt the desired actions.
  • Headlines : Crafting compelling headlines is an art. Test different versions to identify which headlines resonate best with your audience, whether they are more drawn to clarity, humour, urgency or curiosity.
  • Images : Test different images to understand your audience’s visual preferences. This could include product images, lifestyle shots or graphics.

  

  With Matomo’s A/B testing feature, you can test various elements to see which is successful in converting visitors or moving them to the next stage of the conversion funnel.

  9. Leverage social proof

  In an era where consumers are inundated with choices, the opinions, reviews and endorsements of others serve as beacons, guiding potential customers through the decision-making process. 

  Simply put — when people see that others have had positive experiences with your brand, it instils trust and confidence.

  

  You can proactively gather social proof and display it prominently across your marketing channels. Here are some examples of social proof you can leverage :

  • Customer reviews : Positive reviews and testimonials from satisfied customers serve as authentic endorsements of your products or services. 
  • Case studies : In-depth case studies that showcase successful collaborations or solutions provided to clients offer a detailed narrative of your brand’s capabilities. These are particularly effective in B2B scenarios or for complex products and services.
  • User-generated content : Encourage customers to share their experiences. This could include photos, videos or posts on social media platforms, providing a dynamic and genuine portrayal of your brand.
  • Influencer endorsements : Collaborating with influencers in your industry or niche can amplify your social proof. When influencers vouch for your products or services, their followers are more likely to take notice.

  10. Measure and analyse performance

  This is a continuous loop of refinement, where you should use analysis and data-driven insights to guide your conversion funnel optimisation efforts.

  Here’s a systematic approach you can take :

  1. Identify the path users take on your site using a feature like Users Flow.
  2. Map the customer journey using a Funnels feature like the one in Matomo. 
  3. Identify the metrics that align with your conversion goals at each stage of the funnel, such as website traffic, conversion rates, click-through rates and customer acquisition costs.
  4. Assess conversion rates at different stages of the funnel. Identify areas with significant drop-offs and investigate factors that might contribute to the decline.
  5. Use heatmaps and session recordings to see first-hand how users interact with your site.
  6. Create an experiment to test and improve a specific area within your funnel using insights from the heatmaps and session recordings.
  7. A/B test, analyse the results to understand which variations performed better. Use this data to refine elements within your funnel.

  See how Concrete CMS 3x their leads with conversion optimisation.

  Conclusion 

  The customer journey is not linear. However, it involves a few specific stages your audience will go through — from first learning about your product or services to considering whether to try it. The goal is to turn them into happy and loyal customers.

  In this article, we went over strategies and practical tips you can use to guide customers through the conversion funnel. From segmenting your audience to capturing leads, optimising landing pages and running A/B tests, there are steps you can take to ensure your audience will move to the next stage.

  And of course, you have to continuously measure and analyse your performance. That’s how you know whether you’re heading in the right direction and, if not, where to correct your course. 

  For that, you need a robust web analytics solution with conversion optimisation features. Try Matomo free for 21 days and start optimising your conversion funnel—no credit card required. 

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